Biology Lab 1006

Question	Answer
Falsifiable	Inherent possibility to prove a hypothesis or theory to be false.
Parsimony	Adoption of the simplest assumption when forming a theory/interpreting data
Variable	Something that is prone to change/variation
Control	To verify or regulate an experiment by conducting another experiment or by comparing to a standard
Replication	Repetition of an experiment to confirm findings and to ensure accuracy
Dependant Variable	Responds to the independent variable (what is being measured in the experiment)
Independent Variable	What is being measured during the experiment (treatment). What we are manipulating ex: fertilizer used, temperature
Monomer	Molecule that can join other molecules to form a polymer
Polymer	A large molecule comprised of smaller molecules (monomers)
PCR	Polymerase chain reaction-copying a piece(s) of DNA
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid- genetic material of all living organisms
In Vitro	Experiment carried out outside of the cell (test tube)
In Vivo	Experiment carried out inside living organism
Locus	Specific location/position of a gene in a DNA sequence on a chromosome (where trait may be)
Allele	One possible form of a gene occupying a specific spot on a chromosome that controls a trait
Diploid	Cell/organism with paired chromosomes, one from each parent (2n)
Haploid	Cell/organism with half the number of usual chromosome (gametes-n)
Homozygous	An individual that has two of the same allele of a gene ex: RR, rr
Heterozygous	An individual that has two different alleles of a gene ex: Rr
Genotype	Individual's collection of genes. Can also refer to the two alleles inherited for a certain gene
DNA Fingerprint	A test to evaluate genetic info of a person
Allelic Ladder	DNA fragments that respect common alleles at a locus
Gene	Locus of a DNA that acts as instructions to make a protein
Transcription	First part of DNA replication, where DNA is copied to RNA
RNA Polymerase	Enzyme that constructs RNA from a DNA template (transcription)
Messenger RNA (mRNA)	A type of RNA that carries the code or chemical blueprint for a specific protein (conveys info from nucleus to ribosome where they specify amino acid sequence)
Translation	Process where ribosomes create protein from mRNA in the transcription stage
Codon	A sequence of 3 nucleotides that correspond with an amino acid
Reading Frame	Way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides into consecutive non-overlapping triplets
Secondary Structure	Pattern of hydrogen bonds of the protein (α-helix & β-sheet)
Gene Expression	Process by which info from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product (The conversion of the information from the gene into mRNA via transcription and then to protein via translation resulting in the phenotypic manifestation of the gene)
Operator	Segment of DNA where the transcription factor binds to in order to regulate gene expression.
Repressor	Blocks attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter
Variance	The measure of variation shown by a set of observations
F-Ratio	Comparing the variance within the group to the between group variance (BGV/WGV)
Null Hypothesis	That there would be no significant difference between the observed data and the data we expected
Mitochondria	Organelle in cells where biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur
Chloroplast	Organelle in plant cells that converts light energy into sugars (glucose)
Catalyst	A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent change
Anabolic Reaction	Metabolic pathway that constructs molecules from smaller units (build up)
Catabolic Reaction	Metabolic pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are oxidized to release energy
Succinate	Substrate that is oxidized to form fumarate and FADH2
Calvin cycle	Chemical reactions that convert CO2 and other components to glucose
Starch	Long chain of glucose molecules
Assay (noun)	A test to determine the components of a substance
Assay (verb)	The act of conducting an assay
Standard Curve	Graph of multiple substances with known properties to determine same properties in an unknown substance
Chromophore	Part of the molecule responsible for color. Color arises when a molecule absorbs certain wavelengths of visible light and reflects it
x-axis	Concentration of a substance on an unknown sample
y-axis	Assay measurement of the unknown substance
Error Bars	Graphical representation of the variability in data to indicate error/uncertainty in measurement
Homologous Chromosomes	Chromosomes that are similar but not identical. Carry same genes in same order but may have different alleles
Sister Chromatids	Identical copies formed by the replication of a single chromosome
Meiosis	Type of cell division that reduces number of chromosomes in half and forms 4 gametes
Allele	Variant form of a gene
Dominant Allele	An allele that produces the same phenotype whether it is paired with another identical allele or different
Recessive Allele	An allele that produces its phenotype when its paired up with an identical allele
Phenotype	Observable physical/biomechanical characteristics of an organism. Determined by genetics and environmental influence
Sex-Linked Trait	Traits that is associated with a gene that is only carried on the x or y chromosomes
Autosome	Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Allosome	Chromosome that is different from ordinary autosomes (sex chromosome)
Sexual Dismorphism	Distinct difference in size/appearance between sexes. Includes sexual organs themselves
Y-Chromosome	Sex chromosome that results in the forming of testes and other male related traits
Wild Type	Phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature

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