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| Question | Answer |
| young people do the most drugs | |
| Early Drug Abuse and Externalizing Outcomes | |
| Drug abuse involves many issue | -violence inside and outside of the home -school, work, relationship trouble -money problems -child abuse/neglect -driving accidents -legal problems |
| The Addicted Brain | |
| Drug abusers have fewer dopamine receptors | in general, drug abusers are more likely to experience the pleasant (and not unpleasant) effects of abused drugs |
| the addicted brain | comparing the brains of "drug users" and "non-users" and tricky - why are they different? -pre-existing conditions or neurotoxicity -the which came first dilemma |
| addiction is strongly heritable | |
| addiction is strongly heritable | bigger limbic and striatal structures of relatives of stimulant-dependent individuals |
| experimental | to understand why one variable causes another two main components -scientists can control/manipulate variables -subject/sampling is randomly assigned to groups, treatments, etc. |
| before drug-exposure | because groups are begin chosen randomly, they should be pretty balanced at the beginning of the study |
| after drug exposure | differences in pre- to post testing for the drug-exposed group reduced the bain outcome; ergo the drug changed the brain |
| experiments of chronic and heavy drug use in humans? | -legal and ethical limitations limit experiments on humans -no institutional review board will allow the potential serious harm of human subjects -animal research may help, but nonhuman research subjects lack generalizability |
| observational design | -not an experiment (ie no random assignment) -must take participants "as they are" -correlation, not causation |
| observational drug research | difference in "brain outcome" my exist prior to using the drug may even cause drug abuse in the first place |
| experiments of chronic and heavy drug use in humans? | identical twins sharing 100% of genes and often share many other concepts |
| identical twins differ | any ways that identical twins differ must be due to differences in which they have in common (e.g. genes, rearing environment) |
| quasi experiment twin design | may be used to rule-out hypothesis that genes or shared environment cause brain differences |
| anterior cingulate cortex | active during -pain recepetors -anxiety disorders |
| Beta EEG during "relax" present during | -emotive & cognitive arousal -insomnia -seizure onset -inversely related to muscle/mood relaxation |
| frontal beta EEG in alcoholics and binge drinkers increase | |
| alcohol may cause difference in twins -identical twins offer a glimpse at what twins would have looked like had he/she lived differently | |
| frontal beta EEG differences between genders | Female drinkers have more frontal EEG than identical twins that drink less |
| frontal EEG activity | alcohol may cause increase in frontal EEG activity, perhaps explain long-term withdrawal symptoms -Beta EEG correlates to anxiousness, insomnia -alcohol withdrawal relates to anxiety, insomnia -larger increase for females, little differences in males |
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