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Flashcards by sam soliman, updated more than 1 year ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Kaplan's Core 4 (skills) | 1. Reading strategically 2. Analyzing Arguments 3. Understanding Formal Logic 4. Making Deductions |
| What is Reading Strategically? | 1. Reading for purpose. 2. Reading for structure, NOT details. 3. Understanding the logic in the sequence of ideas. |
| What are the (4) components to identify while Reading Strategically? | 1. Topic 2. Scope- what about the topic is the author interested in? 3. Purpose- Why the author wrote what they did- argue, explain etc. 4. Main Idea- Summary of the authors opinions. State the whole passage in one sentence. |
| Detail road map symbolism for "Reading Strategically" | 1. Circle- structural words, words leading into a conclusion etc. 2. Au. Neg(-)- Author opposes view 3. Au. Pos(+)- Authors supports idea 4. Bracket- conclusion 5. Bracket and mark "Ev"- Evidence supporting conclusion. 6. Ex- examples enclosed in evidence. Don't confuse with Ev. |
| Elaborate on how Kaplan uses the word "Assumption" | 1. Closes the gap between evidence and conclusion. 2. What must be true in order for the conclusion to be correct. 3. Information taken for granted- the missing link to the argument. 4. The evidence and conclusion will contain similar content- the gap, or outlying factor, will be the assumption. 5. The information mentioned out of the blue or the idea/statement that does not match up. |
| Kaplan's (4) steps to "Logical Reasoning" | 1. Identify the question type 2. Break down the stimulus 3. Make the prediction 4. Evaluate the answer choices |
| Elaborate "breaking down the stimulus" utilized in "Logical Reasoning" | 1. Find the conclusion 2. Identify the evidence 3. Specify the authors assumption |
| List the notation used for identifying wrong answers | 180- The opposite of the authors assumption Extreme- Provides more detail than required to draw a conclusion Out of Scope (OOS)- Answer is not relevent to topic/question |
| Detail the alternative way to structure stimulus components to better understand the content in "Logical Reasoning" | After identifying the components: "Conclusion, because (evidence)" - Easier to establish which part of the evidence is missing (Assumption) |
| What is Kaplan's Core Skill #3 | Understanding Formal Logic |
| Another name for "If then" statements | Conditional statements |
| Components of conditional statements | 1. Sufficient condition (Trigger) 2. Necessary Result (Result) * Contrapositive |
| Explain Contrapositive | The logical equivalent of conditional statements: 1. Reverse the terms 2. Negate the terms 3. Know negation for "and", "or", "all", "Until", "Only if", "Unless" etc. |
| What is "Formal Logic Translation"? | Putting statements into conditional statements to be utilized in formal logic (if then) |
| Contra-positive and "Logical Reasoning" notation | ~= Negative -->= Then |
| What always comes after "Only" or "Only if" | Result. Trigger- "Only"- Result |
| How to logically transition "Unless" | "Unless" is used the same as "If Not" * Be wise with this verbiage, sentences may start with the second part in order to make sense. |
| 5 steps to logic games | 1. Overview (SEAL) 2. Sketch 3. Rules- write out. Notation. 4. Deductions- combine rules with common elements. 5. Questions- tackle easy to difficult |
| SEAL Logic Games | Situation Entities Action Limitations |
| 2 forms of sequencing questions | 1. Strict- Definitive- laid out easily 2. Loose- Relative- contains more variables |
| Acronym used for making deductions- Logic Games | BLEND B- blocks of entities. L- limited options. E- established entities placed definitely N- numbers. Arithmic restraints D- duplications. Entities that appear in more than one rule. |
| Main objectives in logical reasoning | 1. Spot argument structure 2. Spot argument flaws and assumptions 3. How to strengthen and weaken arguments 4. Find inferences |
| What are the first (2) steps in analyzing arguments? | 1. Bracket the conclusion 2. Establish the evidence |
| Describe the conclusion of an argument | "WHAT" the author believes in. Consider the conclusion "opinionated claims". |
| Describe what the evidence is in an argument. | "WHY" the author believes what they claim. |
| Conclusion keywords | So As result Hence Clearly Obviously Therefore Conclusively Subsequently Thus |
| Evidence keywords | Because Due to After all Since For the reason Provided that Given that For this reason |
| Contrast keywords (subsidiary conclusions) | Instead Despite But Yet However |
| What is the one-sentence test? | If a conclusion cannot be determined immediately, sum the paragraph up in one sentence- this should mark the authors point. Use context clues provided in the text. |
| Opinion words | Should/Should not Must/must not Primarily Seems/appears Probable |
| Strategy for comparing multiple arguments | 1. Understand each argument separately 2. Bracket conclusions and underline evidence accordingly 3. Establish what they agree about, and what they disagree about. |
| Kaplan (4) step method for Logical Reasoning | 1. Identify the question type. Understand the task before analyzing. 2. Analyze the argument. Identify what is relevant to the task. 3. Make a prediction. Consider the possible answer before looking at the choices. 4. Evaluate the answer choices. Eliminate choices that do not match your prediction first. |
| List conclusion types found in the stimulus | 1. Assertion of Fact 2. Recommendation 3. Prediction 4. Value Judgement 5. Comparison 6. If/then conditionals |
| List the common patterns associated with the stimulus | 1. Use of analogy 2. Appeal to authority 3. General to specific 4. Use of example/counter example 5. Support based on survey/study 6. Support based on past pattern |
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