4378534
Description
Flashcards by Florence Edwards, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Florence Edwards
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the xiphoid process? | Most caudal segmental cartilage of sternum |
| What is the costal arch? | Caudal border of ribs where costal cartilages are joined by fibrous tissue to form a continuous arch |
| What is the iliac crest? | Cranial extent of iliac wing Ruminants have a definitive tuber coxae and tuber sacrale at this point |
| What is the tuber ischii? | Caudolateral part of ischial bone which protrudes either side of the anus |
| Which processes are easiest to palpate in the dog? | Spinous processes |
| How many nipples does a dog have? | Varies with species and number of young reared Monotoccous animals consolidate mammary tissue to form an udder Distribution described as thoracic, abdominal or inguinal |
| Which lymph nodes drain the mammary glands? | Thoracic and cranial abdominal mammary glands = axillary and sternal lymph nodes Caudal abdominal and inguinal mammary glands = superficial inguinal lymph nodes |
| Why is important to know the lymph drainage of mammary glands? | Lymph nodes may need to be removed if mammary tumours have metastasised |
| What is the prepuce in male dogs? | Integumental tube containing the penis Open to exterior at preputial orifice Inner smooth layer of integument reflected over penis during erection |
| Is the cutaneous trunci muscle smooth or striated? | Striated |
| What is the extent of the cutaneous trunci muscle? | Covers lateral aspect of thorax and abdomen - caudodorsall fasicles |
| Does the cutaneous trunci lie superficial or deep to mammary tissue in females? | Deep |
| What is the afferent pathway for the Panniculus reflex? | Sensory supply from spinal segmental nerves - can be used to determine the point of spinal nerve damage |
| What is the efferent pathway for the Panniculus reflex? | Motor supply from brachial plexus - hence not anaesthetised by paravertebral anaesthesia |
| Where do the cranial superficial epigastrics originate? | Internal thoracic artery |
| Where do the caudal superficial epigastrics originate? | External pudendal artery |
| Where do the deep circumflex iliac and phrenicoabdominal artery originate? | Abdominal aorta (paired branches) Phrenicoabdominal = L2, passes over dorsal adrenal gland and gives branches to craniodorsal abdominal wall Deep circumflex iliac = L6, penetrates caudodorsal abdominal wall cranial to iliac spine |
| What region of the abdominal wall is supplied by the deep circumflex iliac artery? | Dorso-lateral abdominal wall in caudal part of abdomen |
| What region of the abdominal wall is supplied by the phrenicoabdominal artery? | Dorso-lateral abdominal wall in cranial part of abdomen |
| What do the superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain? | Caudoventral regions (inguinal pubic and caudal umbilical) |
| What does a lymph node look like? | Firm fleshy texture with pale cortex and darker medulla |
| What is the function of lymph nodes? | Immune surveillance and primary immune response to antigens presented via afferent lymph draining to it |
| What is the linea alba? | Tendon of insertion for external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and transverse abdominis muscles in ventral midline of abdomen Attached cranially to xiphisternum and caudally to pubic bone via prepubic tendon |
| Why is the linea alba commonly used as a site for laparotomy? | Thinner as the aponeuroses of the 3 abdominal muscle layers have fused Less chance of haemorrhage due to reduced blood supply Peritoneum firmly adhered to inner surface of linea alba so can both be repaired at once |
| What is the prepubic tendon? | Caudal insertion of rectus abdominis muscle and linea alba on pecten of the pubic bone |
| What is the inguinal ligament? | Originates from ileum - thickened fibrous caudal edge of external abdominal oblique muscle Runs over lateral border of iliopsoas muscle |
| What is the fibre direction of the rectus abdominis muscle? | Craniocaudal |
| What is the function of the rectus abdominis muscle? | Tenses ventral abdomen and arches the spinal column dorsally Important in locomotion and also helps support the abdominal contents |
| What is the surface feature of the rectus abdominis muscle? | Arises from multiple somites in the embryo, each one represented by a segment Segments united by tendinous inscriptions |
| Do segmental nerves pass above or below the vertebral transverse processes? | Below |
| What is the sensory innervation of the transverse abdominis aponeurosis and parietal peritoneum (rectus sheath)? | Somatic spinal nerves Visceral sympathetic nerves which travel adjacent to blood vessels |
| Define peritoneum | Serosal layer lining abdominal and pelvic cavities Composed of flattened mesothelial cells supported by fibrous connective tissue |
| Why do many folds of mesentery extend to the umbilicus? | Embryological origin - carry umbilical vessels and function was to nourish foetus |
| What important structures do the mesentery folds to the umbilicus carry in the foetus? | Median vesicle ligament carries urachus Lateral vesicle ligaments carry umbilical arteries Falciform ligament carries umbilical vein |
| Why is a linea alba incision problematic when carried out cranial to the umbilicus? | Fatty falciform ligament may reduce visibility |
| Is the omentum a mesentery? | Yes as it is a double layer of peritoneum - but between 2 organs rather than between body wall and organ |
| What is a mesentery? | Two opposing sheets of peritoneum with a thin layer of connective tissue in between Within this layer of connective tissue are the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics which serve the organ suspended by the mesentery |
| From where is the greater omentum derived embryologically? | Dorsal mesogastrium |
| Why does the greater omentum appear lace like? | Preferential eposition of strands of fat along course of blood vessels |
| How many layers does the greater omentum have? | 2 double layers Superficial and deep |
| What is the space between the double layers of the greater omentum called? | Omental bursa |
| How does the space between the double layers of the greater omentum communicate with the remainder of the peritoneal cavity? | Epiploic foramen |
| How can the greater omentum be used in abdominal surgery? | Can grow to 'close off' areas of infection so may be stitched over closed incisions during surgery to help prevent peritonitis |
| Are the colon and duodenum covered by the greater omentum? | No |
| On which side of the body does the colon lie? | Mainly on right |
| On which side of the body does the duodenum lie? | Mainly on right |
| Which part of the duodenum contacts the body wall? | Lateral wall of descending duodenum contacts right dorsal body wall |
| Which part of the colon contacts the body wall? | Descending colon contacts left dorsal abdominal wall |
| Where does the greater omentum attach to the stomach? | Greater curvature |
| Name 2 structures which lie within the greater omentum | Spleen Left lobe of pancreas |
| On which side of the body does the liver protrude most obviously beyond the costal arch? | Left, usually ventrally |
| Why may the spleen be enlarged in some specimens? | Barbiturate euthanasia causes enlargement of the spleen |
| How can the position of the stomach change? | After a large meal its position changes and it can extend as far caudally as the umbilicus |
| Why is the jejunoileum easily displaced? | Attached to great mesentery or mesojejunoileum which is very long |
| Describe the shape of the caecum | Coiled |
| What happens to the position of the bladder as it fills with urine? | Moves cranially - sometimes as far as the umbilicus |
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