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| Question | Answer |
| What was the goals of Spanish Dutch French and English when the moved from the Old World (15,16th Century) to the New World (Mid 19th Century) | When they came to the New World they wanted to recreate the Old World except for a few |
| In what 2 ways did the Europeans start to change when they arrived in the New World | 1. The Environment 2. Culture and Society |
| How did the Europeans change in the New World due to the environment | The great expanse of land changed European Tenantry and it created mass electorate and people were eligble to vote on how many acres they had instead of maney because there was so much more land. They also adopted the foods and persepectives of the Indians there |
| How did the Europeans change in the New World due to slow cultural changes | Individualism grew in the New World over a few generations and has it's origin in Protestant reform and the society became a democratic political structure and focused on markets and national orientd parties |
| How do perspectives in history affect events that happened in the past. | It all depends what side you were on. EX. When the Europeans came to N.A. they called it the New World while for the Indians they were always there. (The Winners always write history) |
| What groups of people are we going to focus on in this course | Native Americans, Africans and European Settlers in the North America when the European settlers came |
| Who dubbed the term "Indians" for Native Americans | C. Colombus did even though they had been there for over 10,000 years |
| Why is it so hard to classify the "Native Americans" or "Indians" | Many tribes have names for themselves but they were all different and no one can agree. Some tribes say Indian others Native A. and this makes it hard for people to be politically correct |
| Do " African Americans" have the problem of classifying themselves | To a certain extent no. They have progressed from black, colored, etc. but now there is a general consensus that African American is ok. But with a new influx of Africans there is a new debate of who are the real "African" Americans |
| Do "Hispanics" have problems classifying themselves | Because there are so many groups and all have different preferred terms. Some like Latino or Chicano or even Mexican |
| What did Europeans and American-born descendants (English, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese, French) do to the Americas between the 16th and 18th centuries | They attempted to establish settlements and empires in the Americas and this class will look at these differences in the establishments |
| What group was imported to the Americas by Europeans in between the 16th and 19th centuries | Africans were imported and they became slaves who labored in commercial agriculture especially on plantations. We focus on this group and there descendants in this class |
| Did the year 0 exist in the days of christ | No. It didn't exist because that number didn't exist. The first year in A.D. is actually 1 A.D. . Furthermore it's believed that Jesus was actually born 5 or 6 A.D. |
| When Europeans first came into contact with Native Americans and Africans what did these two groups have in common | They were both Illiterate |
| Because Native Americans and Africans were illiterate how did they tell time | They did it by using there own methods such as fables, myths and songs and especially oral tradition. They would use huge events like a flood or say how young a person was when the event happened. This method was effective for hunter gatherers and subsistence farmers |
| There was is a considerable diversity between the Native Americans, African Americans and Europeans. What environment was as diverse as these groups | The New World is as equally diverse as these groups |
| What were Western Europe societies considered before the American colonization. | They were considered to be late medieval societies |
| What does ancient history consist of | It consists of 3500 B.C. from Mesopotamia all the way to the disintegration of rome in 500 A.d |
| What does Modern History consist of | it consists of things that happened in the last 500 years. Some scholars believe that it started in the 15 or 16th century. Others believe in 1492 when Colombus went to the new world. |
| The period between the Modern History and the Ancient History is called what | It is called the medieval period or Middle ages. |
| When did the Discovery and settlement of America occur by Europeans | It happened during the transition from medieval to modern periods, and much of America kept a medieval feel. |
| Which era did most of the colonies look like. | They retained a lot of medieval characteristics. |
| What religious charachteristics did colonies retain that were religous | The colonies retained a Christian belief. They might all ahve different ideas and values but everyone retained a certian christianity. The religions of the Africans and the Native Americans varied more than the whites. |
| When did the fragmentation of the Catholic church begin and why | The fragmentation begin in 1517 when Martin Luther challenged the church. His challenges influenced people and they created new churches that were seen as more pure by them. |
| How did the religous fragmentation in Europe end | It ended with the Pece of Westphalia in 1648. This put 1/3 of Europe as protestant and the 2/3 as catholic. This put the west as protestant and the east as catholic. The protestants split up and became a bunch of different sects. |
| Where in America did most of the protestants go. | The more conservative groups went to New England while the more equal groups went to Penssalylvania |
| What two tech inventions help spread Protestantism | Paper / Printing and Substinence Farming |
| How was archment made | Parchment was made from the skins of animals that are bathed in a acid solution and then scraped and cleaned. These took time and used lots of animals. |
| How is paper made | It is made by mashing wooden fiber materials and made into a pulp that is then turned into paper. It is simpler and doesn't mean so many animals. |
| How did paper spread the protestant faith | PArchement was being used at first but was slow and costly and paper came in which was more efficient and could be used more. |
| How did paper arrive in the Europes | It came from china and then traded with the central Asians who passed it down to the middle east. The middle east sent it to Iberia where it caught on with the christians |
| What did John Guttenburg do | He created the movable printing press. This made it easier and quicker to make print and allowed for the spread of many ideas like protestantism. |
| How did the printing Press work | It used metal letter and numbers that would be imprinted in wood and then they would put in to a press hich would then be put on the paper. |
| How did the printing press revolutionize Europe | Ideas from intellectuals and scientists were able to spread and influence many. Many more presses were made and the spread of ideas grew and they were able to make everything more efficient |
| How did the press spread the protestant faith | It allowed the faith to spread and grow and it escaped the push from Catholics and others to stop it. The ideas spread and stuck if thr press hadn't been made the ideas wouldnt survive. |
| What type of economic model help the protestant faith to spread | Agricultural production that was based on small rural peasant farms. (Subsistence farming) |
| What were the most common food crops in Europe during the reformation | Cereal Grains like wheat barley and rye and people also cultivated beans and peas and also onions |
| Where did potatoes come from | Potatoes were from the new world and were introduced to the new world in the e16th century. The came from an ancestor of a potato that was cultivated int he Andes. They then showed up in Spain and were used in Holland. |
| How did the potato famine start and how did it affect and what countries | The potato famine came from the monoproduction of potatoes that made it vulnerable to disease. This afected Ireland Germany and other areas of potato farming. This brought a wave of migration to the USA |
| Why did people farm potatoes | The potatoes took up less space than the traditional cereal grains so it made more sense and they were able to produce more. It was also responsible for population growth. |
| What else did the farmers make besides Cereal Grins and Potatoes in 1500 | They also tended animals and livestock like pigs and cattle. They worked in a barter economy and many stayed here and lived of the land (Subsistence FArming) |
| What did a medieval diet consist of | It was monotonous and didn't consist of much some flour stews cereal grains. Stuff that is European at the time and imagine we had no supermarkets |
| Why was stew a luxury for peasant farmers.(1500) | They didn't own too many animals and needed to keep them alive to survive. The stew would be saved for special occasions and they would be great for clebrations |
| What happened to Europe between 900 and 1300 witht the continenets forest | They were almost completely wiped out and they almost destroyed the entire wood supply of the continent. It was used for land and agriculture and to build other goods |
| How was wood used in Europe when it became in short supply(1500) | They stopped using it for buildings and started using it for the energy and warmth. Thatch was used for roofing and it was good and more abundant than wood. |
| Since the peasants of Europe built most of their stuff what did they make and what was it used for (1500) | An example is flax which was used to make clothing. Wool from sheep was also used to make clothing. They used local materials to make tools. They were self dependent |
| Were farmers completely self-sufficient (1500) | No. They still had to rely on outside sources for iron to make tools and spices from different parts of the world.They also got furs and wood from other areas. They got them by bartering for goods but there was a limit and it was low |
| How big were cities in the 1500 | There were rarely any cities and if there were they were small centers of political and religious ideas and congregation. 90% lived in rural areas |
| Town (1500) | Were generally only a few thousand and contained a church and a sheriff and other individuals that would enforce the governments will |
| National Capitols (1500) | Cities with about 10,000 people and had all the government offices and held small industries and a small marketplace |
| What areas were growing much quicker than the norm | The area around Paris, South Eastern England(Netherlands), London also grew exceptionally fast. |
| What alphabet were languages based off and who spoke these languages | They were based off the Roman Alphabet and most rural people were illiterate so the only ones who spoke were intellectuals and rich |
| What were the two main languages that were used in Europe | The two were Romance and Germanic languages |
| Romance Languiages | Descendants of the Roman Latin and include Italian french and spanish |
| Germainic | Came from tribes that moved from the east to the west and they adopted roman letters into their own languages |
| Uralic Languages | Spoken in Finland Hungary estonia and rflect the westward movement of the Magyar Tribes |
| Basque | Is a language that is spoken between the Pyrenees which Are between FArnce and SPAIN |
| What is english a mixtue of | It is a mixture of romance and germanic languages with influences of the invasion of norman |
| Was Private Property a belief of the European people | The Majority of the people believed in the individual rights of lAND and property. |
| How did the view of poperty differ betweent the African and Natives vs. the colonists | Europeans believed in the concept of private property while the N/A and Africans believed in sharing land. This would lead to lots of problems |
| What type of political authority did Europe have | The had a monarchy and or a lineage giving power usually the eldest son . The exception was Queen Elizabeth who shared her power with parliament. |
| What social structure allowed for the king to rule effectively | The European family structure was Patriarchal, Patrilineal(passed on to boys) and monogamous (married to one person) |
| Can a society be matriarchal or matralineal | There has never been a society that is matriarchal but there are many who have been matrilineal. They are two differnet things. The majority who are matrilineal have been gender neutral societies where women are leaders in one thing and men in others |
| What is polygamy | When a women or man has more than two partners. There have not been many polygamists and women almost never have 2 husbands |
| The differences between English and Spanish Society | English: Protestant, power shared with monarch and PM, lots of international trade. and Isolated. Spain: Catholic, Central Monarch, little manufacturing domestic trade, many conflicts with others |
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