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Impact of volcanic eruptions

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Revision notes on volcanic hazards inc. Iceland case study
Jess Molyneux
Flashcards by Jess Molyneux, updated more than 1 year ago
Jess Molyneux
Created by Jess Molyneux about 9 years ago
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Resource summary

Question Answer
List 5 primary impacts of a volcanic eruption. Lava flow Eruption column Pyroclastic flow Gas emission Explosive eruption
What are the hazards of lava flow? (Hint: there are 3) Threat to property If rapid may kill humans and animals May smother crops
What is the consequence of an eruption column and what are the hazards of this? (Hint: there are 3) Causes eruption cloud and ash or tephra fall Health problems - pollutant May smother crops May block sunlight
What is the difference between ash and tephra? Tephra is made up of larger particles
What is pyroclastic flow? Hot rock fragments, lava particles and hot gases May contain ash
What are the hazards of pyroclastic flow? (Hint: there are 2) Rapidly moving Causes suffocation and burning
What are the hazards of gas emission? (Hint: there are 2) Toxic or poisonous to living organisms Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain
What characterises an explosive eruption? (Bonus: what are the associated hazards?) Rocks, dust, gas and pyroclastic material flung 20km into the air May contain volcanic bombs - create fires, destroy property, kill people
List 4 secondary impacts of a volcanic eruption. Lahar Famine Hypothermia Drinking contaminated water
What is lahar? (Hint: how is it created?) Mud flows of volcanic material created when ash and debris mix with water
What are the hazards of lahar? (Hint: there are 2) Rapidly moving May destroy: Crops Buildings
How does a volcanic eruption cause famine? (Hint: there are 3 ways) Crops are killed by: Ash and tephra fall Lahar Lava
Give an example of famine caused by a volcanic eruption. (Bonus: Give a date and figure) 1783: Iceland Ash smothered crops and grass (livestock) 10 000 died
How does a volcanic eruption lead to hypothermia? (Bonus: what is the ultimate hazard?) People may become trapped in or near to water Death may occur if aid is delayed
How does a volcanic eruption lead to contaminated water? (Bonus: what hazard is associated with drinking contaminated water?) Volcanic material, ash and lahar pollute water supply Disease (e.g. cholera) and death
Name and locate an MEDC volcanic eruption. (Bonus: when was this?) Iceland - Eyafjoll, March - May 2010 Volcanic island Sits on Mid Atlantic Ridge AND a hotspot NW of Great Britain W of Norway and Sweden
Describe the first of phase of Eyafjoll's eruption. (Hint: there are 5 details) 21 March 2010 onwards Fissure volcanoes on NE flank 400 - 600m long, 1660m high 10 - 15 lava fountains, 150m high Wall of tephra and lava lumps Lava flow covered 1 sq km
Describe the second of phase of Eyafjoll's eruption. (Hint: there are 5 details) 14 April 2010 onwards Explosive eruptions at summit 2.5km wide Ash plume, over 10km high Ice melted and tephra formed 250 tonnes of magma per second (5 days)
Describe the final of phase of Eyafjoll's eruption. (Hint: there are 5 details) 2 May 2010 onwards Ash plume, 4 - 6km high (average) Peak of 8 - 9km high Gas dissolved in magma fuelled explosivity Cyclic eruptions, more viscous magma
What were the primary human impacts of the Eyafjoll eruption? (Hint: there are 2) Ash plume and tephra Lava fountains
What were the positive secondary human impacts of the Eyafjoll eruption? (Hint: there are 3) Tourist attraction (phase 1) Media attention Scientific interest
What were the negative secondary human impacts of the Eyafjoll eruption? (Hint: there are 4) Airspace closure Flash floods Damage to agriculture Risk to people and property
Why was there an airspace closure? (Bonus: give a previous example) Particles in ash melt in jet engines causing them to shut down 1982: BA flight from Heathrow to Auckland Flew over erupting Mount Galunggung, Indonesia All FOUR engines failed
Give details of the airspace closure and its impact. (Hint: there are 5 points) 6 days 95, 000 flights cancelled worldwide 150 000 (approx.) Britons stranded abroad Goods delivery hindered £1 billion cost to aviation industry (International Air Transport Authority)
Give details of the flash flooding and its impact. (Hint: there are 6 points) Jakulhlaup - glacial flood 200 - 300m of ice atop volcano (1 cubic km) 25% melted in 2 days 1500 - 2000 cubic m of melt water per sec Damage to main road - road closure Ash washed into drainage ditches
Give details of the damage to agriculture and risk to people and property with a specific example. (Hint: there are 4 points) Ash moved E and fell on S coast farmland 700 inhabitants evacuated Threat to livestock Eric Grimondsson - 3 feet deep ash over house and farm
Why was the ash a threat to livestock? (Hint: there are 2 points) Breathing ash in Eating coated pasture
Why was the damage to agriculture particularly significant in this area? (Hint: there are 4 figures) 15% of all Iceland's cattle; 6% of sheep; 17% of horses; 12% of dairy
What prediction measures were in place before the eruption? Monitoring seismic activity since 1992 Icelandic Meteorology Office
What had this monitoring revealed? (Hint: when was this? give 2 specific points) January 2010: Expected imminently 3 - 5 shallow magmatic tremors daily Minor shape changes (GPS)
List some methods which the local authority employed to manage the eruption. (Hint: there are 4) TV, radio and newspaper public information announcements Residents contacted by text and telephone with advice Community transport - specialist drivers Volunteers from Reykjavik
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