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Created by Jess Molyneux
about 9 years ago
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Question | Answer |
List 5 primary impacts of a volcanic eruption. | Lava flow Eruption column Pyroclastic flow Gas emission Explosive eruption |
What are the hazards of lava flow? (Hint: there are 3) | Threat to property If rapid may kill humans and animals May smother crops |
What is the consequence of an eruption column and what are the hazards of this? (Hint: there are 3) | Causes eruption cloud and ash or tephra fall Health problems - pollutant May smother crops May block sunlight |
What is the difference between ash and tephra? | Tephra is made up of larger particles |
What is pyroclastic flow? | Hot rock fragments, lava particles and hot gases May contain ash |
What are the hazards of pyroclastic flow? (Hint: there are 2) | Rapidly moving Causes suffocation and burning |
What are the hazards of gas emission? (Hint: there are 2) | Toxic or poisonous to living organisms Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain |
What characterises an explosive eruption? (Bonus: what are the associated hazards?) | Rocks, dust, gas and pyroclastic material flung 20km into the air May contain volcanic bombs - create fires, destroy property, kill people |
List 4 secondary impacts of a volcanic eruption. | Lahar Famine Hypothermia Drinking contaminated water |
What is lahar? (Hint: how is it created?) | Mud flows of volcanic material created when ash and debris mix with water |
What are the hazards of lahar? (Hint: there are 2) | Rapidly moving May destroy: Crops Buildings |
How does a volcanic eruption cause famine? (Hint: there are 3 ways) | Crops are killed by: Ash and tephra fall Lahar Lava |
Give an example of famine caused by a volcanic eruption. (Bonus: Give a date and figure) | 1783: Iceland Ash smothered crops and grass (livestock) 10 000 died |
How does a volcanic eruption lead to hypothermia? (Bonus: what is the ultimate hazard?) | People may become trapped in or near to water Death may occur if aid is delayed |
How does a volcanic eruption lead to contaminated water? (Bonus: what hazard is associated with drinking contaminated water?) | Volcanic material, ash and lahar pollute water supply Disease (e.g. cholera) and death |
Name and locate an MEDC volcanic eruption. (Bonus: when was this?) | Iceland - Eyafjoll, March - May 2010 Volcanic island Sits on Mid Atlantic Ridge AND a hotspot NW of Great Britain W of Norway and Sweden |
Describe the first of phase of Eyafjoll's eruption. (Hint: there are 5 details) | 21 March 2010 onwards Fissure volcanoes on NE flank 400 - 600m long, 1660m high 10 - 15 lava fountains, 150m high Wall of tephra and lava lumps Lava flow covered 1 sq km |
Describe the second of phase of Eyafjoll's eruption. (Hint: there are 5 details) | 14 April 2010 onwards Explosive eruptions at summit 2.5km wide Ash plume, over 10km high Ice melted and tephra formed 250 tonnes of magma per second (5 days) |
Describe the final of phase of Eyafjoll's eruption. (Hint: there are 5 details) | 2 May 2010 onwards Ash plume, 4 - 6km high (average) Peak of 8 - 9km high Gas dissolved in magma fuelled explosivity Cyclic eruptions, more viscous magma |
What were the primary human impacts of the Eyafjoll eruption? (Hint: there are 2) | Ash plume and tephra Lava fountains |
What were the positive secondary human impacts of the Eyafjoll eruption? (Hint: there are 3) | Tourist attraction (phase 1) Media attention Scientific interest |
What were the negative secondary human impacts of the Eyafjoll eruption? (Hint: there are 4) | Airspace closure Flash floods Damage to agriculture Risk to people and property |
Why was there an airspace closure? (Bonus: give a previous example) | Particles in ash melt in jet engines causing them to shut down 1982: BA flight from Heathrow to Auckland Flew over erupting Mount Galunggung, Indonesia All FOUR engines failed |
Give details of the airspace closure and its impact. (Hint: there are 5 points) | 6 days 95, 000 flights cancelled worldwide 150 000 (approx.) Britons stranded abroad Goods delivery hindered £1 billion cost to aviation industry (International Air Transport Authority) |
Give details of the flash flooding and its impact. (Hint: there are 6 points) | Jakulhlaup - glacial flood 200 - 300m of ice atop volcano (1 cubic km) 25% melted in 2 days 1500 - 2000 cubic m of melt water per sec Damage to main road - road closure Ash washed into drainage ditches |
Give details of the damage to agriculture and risk to people and property with a specific example. (Hint: there are 4 points) | Ash moved E and fell on S coast farmland 700 inhabitants evacuated Threat to livestock Eric Grimondsson - 3 feet deep ash over house and farm |
Why was the ash a threat to livestock? (Hint: there are 2 points) | Breathing ash in Eating coated pasture |
Why was the damage to agriculture particularly significant in this area? (Hint: there are 4 figures) | 15% of all Iceland's cattle; 6% of sheep; 17% of horses; 12% of dairy |
What prediction measures were in place before the eruption? | Monitoring seismic activity since 1992 Icelandic Meteorology Office |
What had this monitoring revealed? (Hint: when was this? give 2 specific points) | January 2010: Expected imminently 3 - 5 shallow magmatic tremors daily Minor shape changes (GPS) |
List some methods which the local authority employed to manage the eruption. (Hint: there are 4) | TV, radio and newspaper public information announcements Residents contacted by text and telephone with advice Community transport - specialist drivers Volunteers from Reykjavik |
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