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| Question | Answer |
| When did WW1 end? | WW1 ended on November 11th 1918 |
| Who was forced to abdicate? | Kaiser William II was blamed for Germany' defeat and abdicated on 9 November. |
| Who took over Germany and declared it a republic? | Frederick Ebert and the SPD (socialists) took over Germany and declared it a republic |
| When was the Weimar Republic set up? | The Weimar Republic was set up in 1919 |
| What were the strengths of the Weimar constitution? | •Most democratic country in the world- everyone (over 20) could vote and had equal rights. •State governments were continued which allowed state traditions to be maintained. |
| What were the weaknesses of the Weimar constitution? | •Free speech gave opposition groups freedom to attack the government. •No changes were made to the army or judiciary •The voting system made it hard for a government to carry out unpopular policies •The president had the power to appoint or dismiss the Chancellor. |
| What was both a strength and a weakness? | •Proportional representation - all parties had a fair share of Reichstag seats but this led to weak, short-lived governments. •The president could protect Germany in a crisis by making laws without going to the Reichstag but this could be abused. |
| When was Germany forced by victorious countries to sign the Treaty of Versailles? | Germany was forced (by victorious countries) to sign the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919 |
| What were the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles? | •Reperations of £6,000 million (or £6.6 billion in todays money) •War guilt (article 231) -Germany was forced full blame of the war •Army reduced to 100,000 men •Navy reduced to 6 battleships and 15,000 sailors •The Rhineland area was demilitarised- allied troops to occupy the area for 15 years •Loss of territory (Alsace-Lorraine, the Saar, Polish corridor) |
| What was the 'stab in the back' theory theory? | The 'stab in the back theory' was the belief, put forward by leading members of the German army, that Germany had been on the verge of winning the war but were betrayed by the politicians of the new republic, who agreed to the armistice. (This was untrue but many Germans believed it) |
| What does it mean to be 'left wing' in the political spectrum? | Left wing people are communists. They believe in equality (everyone should have the same, money, rights, etc) and favor high tax. |
| What does it mean to be 'right wing' in the political spectrum? | Right wing people are facists. They believe in a strong army, one strong leader and value tradition. |
| When did the Spartacist Uprising take place? | The Spartacist uprising took place on the 5th of January 1919 in Berlin |
| Who was the Spartacist uprising led by? | The Spartacist uprising was led by Rosa Luxemburg & Karl Liebneckt |
| Why did Spartacist start an uprising? | Spartacist started an uprising because they wanted a communist government (similar to the one that had formed in Russia in 1917) that would rule in the intrests of the working class. |
| What did Spartacist do? | Spartacist seized the headquarters of the government's newspapers and telegraph bureau and tried to organise a general strike. However they were badly organised and had little support. |
| When was the Kapp Putsch? | The Kapp Putsch was in March 1920 |
| Define 'Putsch' | 'Putsch' is an attempt to overthrow the government |
| Who was the Kapp Putsch led by? | The Kapp Putsch was led by Wolfgang Kapp, an extreme nationalist who violently opposed to the Treaty of Versailles. |
| What happened in the Kapp Putsch? | Wolfgang Kapp, along with 5,000 Freikorps who were angry for being disbanded, overthrew the government in Berlin in March 1920. |
| How did the Weimar government deal with the Kapp Putsch? | •The Weimar government asked the army to suppress the Putsch and asked trade unions to organise a general strike. •The army refused (due to sympathy for Kapp & to show their disloyalty to the Republic) but the trade unions agreed. •The general strike caused such chaos that Kapp could not rule Germany and was forced to flee to Sweden. |
| What did the Kapp Putsch show? (give 2 things) | The Kapp Putsch showed that: •The Berlin working class supported the Republic •The lack of support from the army to the Republic |
| What was the third growing opposition against the Republic (1919-22)? | The Nazi Party was the third growing opposition against the Republic (1919-22) |
| What was the Nazi Party? (1920-22) | The Nazi Party wss a right wing opposition group with growing membership. It owned newspapers and held public meetings to spread ideas. |
| What were the 4 Nazi party policies (1920-22)? Define them. | Nazi policies (1920-22): 1)Nationalism- the belief that your country is better than others 2)Socialism- A system based on everyone having equal rights 3)Anti-communism- against communism 4)Anti-Semitism- hostility or prejudice against Jews |
| Why did French troops invade the Ruhr? | French troops invaded the Ruhr because... •The German government had been unable to make its first reperation payment in 1922. •They requested more time but France refused. •Instead France marched into the Ruhr (industrial area where materials like coal, steel & iron are produced) determined to get a payment in kind for the money owed. |
| How did Germany react to the invasion of the Ruhr? | •Workers chose passive resistance and went on strike. •Some took more direct action- set factories on fire, sabotaged the pumps in mines so they flooded and could not be worked. •There were clashes with the French troops and a number of strikers were shot. |
| What were the effects of the invasion of the Ruhr? | The invasion of the Ruhr had mixed effects |
| Why was the government printing more money? (3 reasons) | The government was printing more money because... 1)During WW1 they needed money to pay for the war 2)After WW1 they needed money to pay reparations 3)The French invasion of the Ruhr resulted in more money being needed |
| What happened to the German mark? | By November 1923... •The German mark became worthless. •It cost one and half million marks for a loaf of bread. •Employers paid their workers twice a day so that they could shop earlier in the day, before prices rose again. |
| What were the effects of hyperinflation on the elderly? | Hyperinflation meant pensions became worthless for the elderly |
| What were the effects of hyperinflation on the middle class? | The middle class lost faith in the Weimar Republic because of hyperinflation (the middle class were worst affected) |
| What were the effects of hyperinflation on farmers? | Farmets benefited from the rise of food prices, caused due to hyperinflation |
| What were the effects of hyperinflation on the working class? | The working class were... •Generally secure because wages increased •However wage rises lagged behind price rises |
| What were the effects of hyperinflation on business men? | Business men were able to.., •wipe out debts •take over smaller businesses that were going bankrupt ...because of hyperinflation |
| What were the effects of hyperinflation on the rich? | The rich usually had land possessions and were protected during hyperinflation |
| When was the Munich Putsch? | The Munich Putsch was in November 1923 |
| Why did the Nazis try to take power in Munich? (5 reasons) | The Nazi's tried to take power in Munich because... 1) Mussolini had successfully taken over the Italian government in 1922 (Hitler was influenced by him) 2) Former army leader, general ludendorff was close to Hitler - the Nazis thought he could persuade the German army to support them 3) The Nazis thought they were ready - Hitler was established as leader, they had 50,000 supporters and the SA 3) The Bavarian government was right wing and didn't like the Weimar government - the Nazis thought the politicians would support them 4)The Weimar government was unpopular with ordinary Germans 5) The timing seemed ideal |
| What were the consequences of the Munich Putsch? | The Munich Putsch consequences include... • The Nazi party was banned • Hitler was sentenced to 5 years in prison but only served 9 months • He used this time to make plans and to write Mein Kampf |
| In what ways was the Munich Putsch a failure? | The Munich Putsch appeared to be a failure because... •The Nazis were not orgainsed •Police were better prepared Neither the Bavarian government, army nor police, supported or joined the Nazis •The Putsch appeared to be a total failure- Hitler was in prison & the party banned |
| In what ways was the Munich Putsch a success? | However the Munich Putsch can be seen as a success because... •It caused Hitler and other Nazis to rethink their tactics •Nazis gained publicity from the trial and Mein Kampf became a bestseller •The party was onky banned for a short period & Hitler's sentence was shortened (people were sympathetic to Nazi ideas) |
| Who was Gustav Stresemann? | Stresemann was chancellor (Aug-Nov 1923) and the Foreign Secretary (1923-29) and was responsible for Germany's recovery. |
| What two things did Stresemann do in Nov 1923? What were the effects/importance of these measures? | In Nov 1923... 1)Stresemann called of passive resistance and agreed to pay reperations - •French Withdrew from the Ruhr in 1925 •The policy of fulfilment allowed later negotiations over reparations 2)Stresemann introduced a new currency (Rentenmark) - •Stabilised currency •German people showed confidence in it |
| What did Stresemann do in 1924? What did this allow? | In 1924... Stresemann converted the Remtenmark back to the Reichsmark (backed by gold) - this allowed the value of German money to gradually be restored. |
| When and what was the Dawes plan? What did it do? | The Dawes plan was in 1924, a plan between Germany & the USA- •reperations were reduced and organised to fit Germany's capacity to pay •brought foreign investment |
| When were the US loans established? What did it do? | US loans were from 1924-30 (800 million marks to Germany) - •this assisted the german industry •helped pay off reperations |
| When and what was the Locarno Treaties? What did it do? | Locarno Treaties were in 1925 - •guaranteed borders with Belgium, France and Italy •Germany improved relations with UK & France •furthered Stresemann's policy of fulfilment; cooperation |
| When and what was the League of nations? What did it do? | The league of nations was in 1926- •Germany recognised as a great power and given a permanent seat on the League's council (nationalists liked this) |
| When and what was the Kelogg-Briand Pact? What did it do? | The Kelogg-Briand Pact was in 1928- Germany, along with 64 nations, agreed not to use violence unless it was for self defense. •assisted German economic recovery and growth •Germany seen as responsible |
| When and what was the Young Plan? What did it do? | The Young Plan was in 1929- Further change to reperations. •Germany was to make repayments for the next 59 years untill 1988. (nationalists didn't like this as they believed it would affect future generations- young slavery) •Reperations reduced from 2,500 million marks a year to 2,000 •French evacuated the Rhineland 5 years ahead of schedule |
| How far did the Weimar Republic recover politically? (give evidence for & against) | *Evidence for recovery: •The period saw a more stable government •Stresemann was a popular leader with many Germans •There was little support for extremist parties (Nazis only won 12 seats in the 1928 election) •Hindenburg, who was a popular WW1 leader, was elected president in 1925. *Evidence against recovery: •Still short-lived, weak coalition governments •Many nationalists opposed the Dawes & Young plans •Extremist parties and communists were determined to overthrow the Weimar Republic •Hindenburg, who was elected president in 1925, disliked the new republic |
| How far did the Weimar Republic recover economically? (give evidence for & against) | *Evidence for recovery: •The new Rentenmark stabilised the German currency •US loans encouraged the growth of German industry (by 1928 industrial production reached pre-war levels. By 1930 Germany was one of the leading exporters of manufactured goods) •Industrial recovery brought more employment •In nearly every town new factories and public facilities sprang up (new roads, railways, nearly 3 million new homes were built) *Evidence against recovery: •Recovery dependant on US loans •Unemployment remained a serious problem due to population increase •Industry began to slow down after 1927 •Farming suffered from depression throughout the 1920s because of a fall in food prices (income from agriculture went down in the period 1925-29) |
| How did the Nazi party reform in the years 1923-28? (4 ways) | The Nazi's reformed in 1923-28 by... 1) Going from local to national- Nazi headquarters stayed in Munich but branches were set up all over Germany 2) Organisations- various organisations set up for different groups (e,g Nazi students' League, Hitler Youth, Women's League, etc) 3) Targeting rural areas- Especially after 1928, the Nazi's focused on winning support from farmers, who were finding times very tough 4) SA- the image of the SA changed from one of violence and intimidation to order and discipline. More young men were encouraged to join |
| How did the Nazis get their message across? (5 ways) | The Nazis got their message across through... 1)Rallies- after the first one in Weimar in 1926, the Nazi's occasionally held rallies with military-style marches and powerful speeches by Hitler (rallies were popular amongst the young) 2)Meetings- The Nazis ran evening classes to train their members in public speaking 3)Propoganda- Joseph Goebbles skillfully managed Nazi propoganda. He targeted specific messages to specific groups (e.g anti-Jewish posters worked best with working class people) 4)Posters & newspapers- posters skillfully got their messages across whereas newspapers explained ideas in more depth 5)Mein Kampf- promoted Hitler's aims of removing Jews & communism from Germany (became a best seller) |
| Who were the Nazi party's early supporters? | The Nazi parties earlier supporters include... •Young people- greatly admired Hitler or were ex-soldiers •Middle-class - felt threatened by communism •Farmers- badly affected by the depression •Skilled workers- such as plumbers and electricians |
| How many members did the Nazi Party have by 1928? | The Naxi party had 100,000 members by 1928- massive increase from its earlier days |
| What did the great depression do to unemployment? | By 1932, the great depression resulted in six million germans being unemployed (compared to 0.8 million in 1928) |
| When did the wall street crash? | The wall street crashed in October 1929 |
| What effect did the wall street crash have on German businesses? | German businesses... •Had to pay back loans •No more investment from US •Had to pay increased taxes to the government •Worldwide impact so no one had money to buy goods and markets dried up |
| What effect did the wall street crash have on the German government? What did they do? | The German government... •Couldn't borrow money from the US anymore •Refused to print more money •Increased taxes •Made cuts in unemployment benefit •Government workers had wages cut and some lost their jobs |
| What effect did the wall street crash have on German people? | German people... •lost their jobs because businesses reduced staff or closed •Millions of workers and farm labourers lost their jobs •Young people badly affected by job losses •With no work & benefits slashed, families suffered terrible poverty |
| What was the political impact of the wall street crash? | Political impacts of the Wall Street crash... •The Weimar government was blamed for German dependence on US loans •Highlighted a lack of strong leadership (Stresemann had died before the crash in September 1929) •The two main parties in the coalition (Centre Party & SDP) could not agree how to solve this crisis •President Hindenburg used article 48 of the Constitution to pass laws without Reichstag agreement- Germany was no longer a democracy •New economic policies were unpopular •Exremist parties became more popular |
| How many seats did the Nazis win in the 1930 & 1932 Reichstag elections? | Reichstag elections... •1930= 107 seats •July 1932= 230 seats (massive difference from 12 seats in 1928) |
| How did the Nazis increase their support in 1929-32? (5 ways) | The Nazis increased their support in 1929-32 through... 1)Posters- timed to have maximum impact 2)Radio- would be played everywhere for everyone to hear 3)Rallies- huge scale with uniformed Nazis. Goebbels used air flight and planes to fly Hitler all over Germany so he could make speeches in more than one rally in a day. 4)Newspapers- Nazis owned 8 newspapers, each with its own design and character to attract different groups 5)Parades & Marches- organised by mobile units to carry the message all over Germany. Smaller scale than rallies but included concerts, plays and sporting events. |
| How was Hitler portrayed from 1929-32? | Hitler was portrayed as a 'superman' that would end the German crisis. |
| How were the SA portrayed from 1929-32? | By 1932, the image of the SA (brownshirts) had improved- they had about 600,000 members and attracted young, unemployed people who admired their order & discipline. They also continued to disrupt the meetings of rival groups (espacially the communist party) |
| Who voted for the Nazis in July 1932? | People who voted for the Nazis in July 1932 included... •Women •Young people •Agricultural workers •The middle classes •The working classes •The upper classes (The Nazis had cross-sectional appeal) |
| Why did women vote for Hitler in July 1932? | Women voted for Hitler in 1932 because Hitler promised to make family more important and give women a special place in their role as mothers and wives. |
| Why did the young vote for Hitler in July 1932? | The young voted for Hitler in 1932 because they were attracted to Nazi ideals, the discipline of the SA and the promise of employment. (over 40% of those that joined before 1933 were between 16 & 20 years old) |
| Why did agricultural workers vote for Hitler in July 1932? | Agricultrual workers voted for Hitler in 1932 because the Nazis promised to defend farmers' lands from the collectivisation of the communists. (It was in rural areas that Nazism first became popular in the 1920s) |
| Why did the working class vote for Hitler in July 1932? | The working class voted for Hitler in 1932 because they were attracted to Nazi promises of more rights for working people and better jobs. (workers in cities did not vote for the Nazis in large numbers but outside of big cities was were the Nazi supporters lived) |
| Why did the middle classes vote for Hitler in July 1932? | The middle class voted for Hitler in 1932 because the Nazis promised to protect them from both big businesses (capitalism) and communism. They were also impressed by the discipline of the SA. |
| Why did the upper classes vote for Hitler in July 1932? | The upper classes voted for Hitler in 1932 because they felt threatened by communist takeover so they supported Nazi ideas of destroying communism. |
| What happened in March/April 1932? | In March/April 1932, Hindenburg beats Hitler in presidential election but Hitler gains support |
| What happened in May 1932? | In may 1932- Hindenburg replaces Chancellor Heinrich Brüning (who reduced unemployment benefit & increased taxes) with Franz von Papen |
| What happened in July 1932? | In July 1932- Von Papen's Centre Party holds Reichstag elections to gain support but loses seats. Nazis become largest party, but Hitler not made Chancellor |
| What happened in November 1932? | In November 1932- Von Papen calls another election and Centre Party loses more seats. The Nazis also lose some seats but are still the largest party |
| What happened in December 1932? | In December 1932- Hindenburg removes Von Papen and makes von Shleicher Chancellor |
| What happened on 28th January 1933? | Lack of support forces von Schleicher's resignation on 28th January 1933. |
| What happened on 30th January 1933? | Hitler becomes chancellor on the 30th January 1933 |
| Why did Hitler become chancellor? | Hitler became chancellor because... •His part had 37% of the votes (July 1932) •pressure groups went against Hindenburg •Helped by economical circumstances (the great depression) •Nazis had never been admitted to the government •The army couldn't control both communism and the Nazis (unrest) •Hitler must win for the good of Germany (Von Papen convinced Hindenburg) •Hitler made a deal with Von Papen (Von Papen thought Hitler could be tamed) |
| When and what was the Reichstag Fire? | The Reichstag Fire was in February 1933- The Reichstag building was set on fire. Dutch communist, Lubbe, was accused, giving Hitler the excuse to ban the communist party. |
| What is the importance of the Reichstag fire? | It is believed that the fire was the Nazis plan to get rid of the communists. By doing this, Hitler was getting rid of one of his rivals, creating his path to power. |
| When was the Enabling Act passed on? What was it? | The Enabling act was passed on in March 1933- gave Hitler the power to pass laws without the consent of the Reichstag or president. |
| How did Hitler use the Enabling Act to his advantage? | Hitler used the enabling act to his advantage: May-June 1933: Hitler removed rival power groups. Trade union leaders were arrested and the unions were merged as one. By July 1933, Germany was a one-party state. |
| When and what was the 'Night of the Long Knives'? | The night of the long knives was in June 1934- Hitler's position was threatened by Ernst Röhm (the SA leader) who wanted to merge with the army. Hitler sent the SS (led by Heinrich Himmler) to kill Röhm and other SA leaders. |
| What was the importance of 'The Night of the Long Knives'? | The night of the long knives importance: •200 people were killed •the SS established as a major force •the army swore allegiance to Hitler personally in August •few people were left to rival Hitler |
| When did Hindenburg die? | Hitler died in August 1934 (the same day the army swore allegiance to Hitler) |
| What did Hitler do just hours after Hindenburg's death? | There was no one left to stand against Hitler so he declared himself 'Führer' just hours after Hindenburg died. |
| What did the Nazi police state do in order to have control over Germans? | In order to maintain control over Germans, the Nazi police state... •Made it a crime to listen to a foreign radio station, say anything against Hitler or tell an anti-Nazi joke •The SS would arrest people who broke new laws (called 'protective custody') •The Gestapo (secret police) spied on people by reading their mail and listening to phone calls •People were encouraged to inform on friends, family, work colleagues and neighbours •Law courts were under Nazi control (judges swearing loyalty to Hitler) & there was no trial by jury •Many prisoners taken to concentration camps • |
| Give key facts about the SS. | The SS were... •blonde, blue eyed & tall (racially pure Aryans) •led by Himmler •AKA: Black shirts •50,000 members by 1934 •they ran concentration and death camps •Hitler's bodyguards |
| What were concentration camps? | Concentration camps were... •Prisons were torture and re-education occurred •Prisoners were brutally treated and forced to do hard labour. •First one was established in 1933 at Dachau but they soon developed all over Germany. •Conditions were very bad and people died from starvation or disease. DON'T GET CONFUSED WITH DEATH CAMPS (Death camps were established after 1941 and were extermination centres mainly for Jews) |
| Give some methods of censorship. | Methods of censorship included... •Public burning of books by Jewish writers or others who disagreed with Nazi views •Radio producers, playwrights, filmmakers and newspapers were told what to say •Newspapers opposing the Nazis were closed •Only radios that couldn't receive foreign stations were made |
| Give some methods of propoganda. | Methods of propoganda included... •Posters showing Nazi beliefs were displayed everywhere •The cinema showed propaganda films or films with hidden Nazi messages •Rallies & parades were held •Hitler broadcasted his speeches on the radio- people would hear them where ever they go, whether they wanted to or not •The Nazis encouraged artists and playwrights to produce work highlighting Nazi ideas. Modern art and culture such as jazz music were banned •The 1936 olympics showed everyone how organised and modern Germany was |
| Why was Hitler determined to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church? | Hitler was determined to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church because... •Catholics owed their firsr allegiance to the pope •Catholics supported the Catholic centre party •Catholics wanted their children to go to a Catholic School not a Nazi school and Catholic schools weren't controlled by the Nazis |
| How did Hitler control the churches? | Hitlet controlled the churches through... •The Concordat- Hitler signed an agreement in 1933 with the catholic pope, promising not to interfere with catholic rights & beliefs and in return the pope stayed out of German politics (the agreement broke down within a year) •By 1934, schools are taken away from church control •Priests were arrested and sent to concentration camps |
| Was Hitler successful in controlling the churches? | Hitler wasn't successful in controlling the churches- •Priests who got sent to concentration camps became 'martyrs' (people who die for their religion) •Church leaders applauded when seen in public •Catholic churches were packed every Sunday •In 1937 Pope Pius XI issued a statement know as 'With burning anxiety' criticising Nazi policies. |
| Which church supported the Nazis? | The Reich Church supported the Nazis, founded in 1933 and led by Ludwig Müller |
| Which church opposed the Nazis? | The Confessional Church opposed the Nazis, founded in 1934 and led by Martin Niemöller. |
| Although people opposed the Nazis, there was very little OPEN opposition. Why? | There was lack of opposition because... •Many people resisted privately •Nazi policies improved many Germans' lives •Opposition groups were banned •People feared the Gestapo, the SS and concentration camps •The was a large number of informers •There was also genuine support for Hitler |
| However there were 5 key people/groups who did oppose openly. Who were the 5 people/groups that showed opposition and resistance to the Nazi government. | The 5 people/groups that showed opposition and resistance to the Nazi government were... 1)The Edelweiss Pirates 2)The White Rose Group 3)Pastor Martin Niemöller 4)Dietrich Bonhoeffer 5)Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg (AKA The July Plot) |
| 1)Who were the 'Edelweiss Pirates'? 2)Why did they oppose the Nazis? 3)What were their actions? and 4)How did the Nazis react? | 1)The Edelweiss Pirates were a group of young people who opposed the Nazis. By 1939 they had 2,000 members. 2)They opposed Nazi attempts to convert them to their ideas through education and youth movements. 3)•They would listen to Jazz (forbidden 'swing') music •wrote ant-Nazi graffiti on walls. •Dropped Propaganda leaflets of allied bombers through people's doors •provided shelter to deserters from the armed forces •Go on hikes, meet other groups and hope to beat up Hitler Youth patrols •killed the head of the cologne Gestapo 4) The Nazis caught a group of them and they were publically hanged |
| 1)Who were the 'White Rose Group'? 2)Why did they oppose the Nazis? 3)What were their actions? and 4)How did the Nazis react? | 1)The White Rose group was started by students at Munich University. The leaders were Professor Kurt Huber and two students, Hans and Sophie Scholl. 2)They opposed the Nazis because they believed the Nazis were unjust (they believed in justice) 3)They handed out leaflets (in secret) during WW2 encouraging Germans not to help the war effort. 4)The Scholls were arrested, tortured and executed in 1943 after a Nazi member caught them handing out leaflets and told the Gestapo. They were described as 'despicable criminals' in local newspapers |
| 1)Who was 'Pastor Martin Niemöller '? 2)Why did he oppose the Nazis? 3)What were his actions? and 4)How did the Nazis react? | 1)Niemöller became a pastor in the German Protestant Church in 1924. He welcomed Nazism, believing that Hitler would restore the greatness of Germany. However he disliked the new German 'Reich Church' and set up the Confessional Church in 1934. 2)He explained the differences between Nazism and Christianity and spoke out in public against the Nazi regime. 3)The Nazis arrested Niemöller and sent him to a concentration camp (he survived and was still alive when it was liberated by the Allies in 1945) |
| 1)Who was 'Dietrich Bonhoeffer'? 2)Why did he oppose the Nazis? 3)What were his actions? and 4)How did the Nazis react? | 1) Bonhoeffer was a Church leader, who, in 1934, helped Niemöller found the Confessional Church. 2)He was against the Nazis because he believed that Christianity could not accept their racial views and Churchmen had a right to be free to preach against the Nazis. 3)•He openly spoke out against the Nazis (especially against the Numberg Laws of 1935. •He helped Jews escape to Switzerland •He joined the Abwehr in 1939- a secret group working to overthrow Hitler 4)•The Gestapo banned him from preaching in 1937 •He was arrested in 1943 for plotting against Hitler •He was sent to a concentration camp after spending two years in prison •April 1945, not long before the camp was liberated, Bonhoeffer was sentenced to death and executed by the SS |
| 1)Who was 'Von Stauffenberg'? 2)Why did he oppose the Nazis? 3)What were his actions? and 4)How did the Nazis react? | 1)Von Stauffenberg was a member of the army 2)Von Stauffenberg was a supporter of the Nazis in 1930 however, during WW2, after witnessing the suffering of the German army in Russia, losing his left eye, right arm & two fingers, he started opposing the Nazis. He was also appalled by the brutality of the SS. 3)He devised operation 'Valkyrie' on 20 July 1944- using a bomb in a brief case to kill Hitler- however the plan failed: Hitler was deafened and cut but still alive. 4) Hitler took revenge on those inbolved in the July Plot - Stauffenberg was executed along with 5,745 others. |
| How were women in Weimar Germany (1920s)? | In the 1920s... •Women would wear short skirts, make up, cut their hair short •Women began to smoke & drink in public •Women were getting jobs (especially the more professional jobs such as teaching and medicine) and most got paid the same as men. •Women could vote and were encouraged to get involved in politics (1933- one-tenth of Reichstag members were female) |
| The Nazis went against the 'modern women'. What is the Nazi's ideal women? | The Nazi's ideal women... •Natural appearance- long hair, tied up, no make up •Wore traditional clothes •Fair haired and blue eyed •sturdily built (for child bearing) •Non-drinker/smoker •would marry and have children •Believed in the Nazi ideas of the three Ks (Kinder, küche, kirche) •Would not go to university Would stay at home rather than work |
| What were the three Nazi policies regarding women? | 1) Women should not work 2) Women should get married 3) Women should have at least 4 children |
| What was the law for Encouragement of Marriage? When was it introduced? | The law for Encouragement of Marriage was introduced in 1933. •This provided loans to young couples in order to help them marry (as long as the wife left her job) •For each child (up to 4) they were allowed to keep 1/4 of their loan. •Abortion was illegal •Birth control clinics were closed down •Propoganda promoted the importance of the mother and family •The government increased maternity benefits •On Hitler's mother's birthday (12 August) medals were awarded to women with large families: *Bronze for 4-5 children *Silver for 6-7 children *Gold for 8+ children |
| What was the 'German Women's Enterprise'? | The 'German Women's Enterprise' was a new national organisation. They organised classes and radio talks on household topics and the skills of motherhood. They were also in charge of giving out the medals every year on 12 August. |
| Were the policies regarding women a success? | Key facts: •During 1933-36 the number of employed married women fell (however it rose during WW2) •WW2 caused a labour shortage and the Nazis needed more workers in heavy industry because of rearmament •In 1937, the Nazis changed the marriage loans scheme to allow married woman, who had taken a loan, to work *The number of woman in employment increased from 4.2 million in 1933 to 6.2 million six years later (35% were married women aged 16-65) •Many employers preferred women because their wages were 2/3 those of men •The number of marriages and the birth rate did increase (but it's unclear if this was due to the Nazi policy or because of economic recovery) •Although the birth rate increased, most couples continued to have families of two children •The German Women's Enterprise had 6 million members (implies thst many women welcomed Nazi policies) |
| What were the aims of Nazi education policies and Youth movements? | •To prepare girls to be good wives and mothers •To create loyal Nazis •To glorify Germany and the Nazi Party •To turn boys into ideological soldiers: loyal to Hitler, strong fighters, Aryan •To teach Nazi beliefs about race •To put across key Nazi ideals |
| How did the Nazis control schools? | The Nazis put across these ideals in order to control schools: •Children had to attend state school until aged 14 •Seperate schools for girls and boys •All schools followed a set curriculum- different for girls and boys •Optional schools after age 14: National Political Educational Institutions and Adolf Hitler Schools |
| How did the Nazis teachers? | gh |
| How did the Nazis control subjects? | gh |
| How did the Nazis use propoganda to control education? | gg |
| What were the four Nazi youth groups? | 1) Deutsches Jungvolk- German Young Folk- Boys aged 10-14 2) Jung Mädel- Young Girls- Girls aged 10-14 3) Hitler Jugend- Hitler Youth- Boys aged 14-18 4) Bund Deutscher Mädel- League of German Maidens- Girls aged 14-18 |
| Why did Hitler create Youth Groups? | The Nazis also wanted to control the young in their evening, weekend and holiday leisure time. Therefore meetings and activities for youth groups took place after school, at weekends and in the holidays. The Nazis closed down youth movements belonging to other political parties as well as those of the Churches |
| How were youth groups used? | •They ensured that the Nazis had control over children when they weren't at school •Like schools, they were concentrated on creating loyal Nazis and preparing children for their future roles •From 1936 the Hitler Youth Law made it virtually impossible not to join one, From 1939 joining was compulsory •From 1940, the groups became involved in helping the war effort •By 1943, the Hitler Youth had become a military reserve- members as young as 12 joined the army |
| Give examples of youth group activities for boys. | • Shooting • Military drills • Signalling • Military-style camps • Helping the brigade during the war • Formed military brigades to defend Berlin in 1945 |
| Give examples of youth group activities for girls. | • Cookery • Housework • Needlework & craft • Learning what to look for in a good husband • Learning about babies and childcare |
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