5001600
Description
Flashcards by Evie Horne, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Evie Horne
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is an ionic bond? | The bond between a non-metal and a metal where the metal loses or gains electrons to form an ionic bond. |
| What is a covalent bond? | The bond between two non-metals where the atoms share electrons, and combine to form a compound. |
| How do we collect limestone? | We quarry it out of the ground. |
| What are the used of limestone? | Blocks of limestone can be used for buildings. And also it can make cement and calcium oxide |
| what is thermal decomposition? | When calcium carbonate is heated it decomposes to make calcium oxide and calcium dioxide. |
| What is the equation for thermal decomposition? Symbol and word | CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2 Calcium carbonate-> calcium oxide + carbon dioxide. |
| What happens to metal carbonates when they are heated? | Decompose and produce metal oxide and carbon dioxide. |
| What is limewater? | Calcium hydroxide solution |
| What is limestone damaged by acid rain? | Because the calcium carbonate in the limestone reacts withe the acid rain. |
| What is limewater used to test for? | Carbon dioxide |
| What is the result of the limewater test if carbon dioxide is present? and why does it produce this result? | The lime water turns cloudy because it reacts with carbon dioxide to produce insoluble calcium carbonate. |
| What are the stages and steps for the limewater cycle? | Calcium carbonate is heated (and CO2 is given off) to produce Calcium Oxide. Little water is added to produce calcium hydroxide. Then more water is added to produce calcium hydroxide solution. Carbon dioxide is added and it turns back to calcium carbonate. |
| Write the three equations in the limestone cycle. | Calcium carbonate -> calcium oxide + carbon dioxide Calcium oxide + water -> calcium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide -> calcium carbonate and water. |
| How do we make cement? | Lime stone is mixed with clay and heated strongly in a kiln. |
| how do you make mortar? | cement is mixed with sand and water. also aggregate is added. |
| What are the advantages of people living in an area with a limestone quarry? | More employment opportunities for local people. More customers and trade for local people Improved roads Increase in local economy |
| What are the disadvantages? | More traffic Loss of habitats for wildlife Dust and noise. Dust can cause asthma. |
| Properties of Aluminium. | Low density high in the reactivity series resistant to corrosion |
| Why is aluminium expensive to extract? | because it has to be extracted by electrolysis, this requires high temperatures and a lot of electricity. |
| Properties of titanium? | Resistant to corrosion very strong low density compared to other metals |
| What happens when titanium oxide reacts with carbon? | It is reduced and it becomes very brittle. |
| How is copper extracted? | It's extracted from copper-rich ores by smelting |
| Why is electrolysis of copper needed after smelting the copper? | because smelting produces impure copper |
| What is phytomining? | Using plants to absorb copper compounds from the ground. The plants are burned and produce ash from which copper can be extracted |
| What is bleaching? | Uses bacteria to produce solutions containing copper compounds. |
| Name other ways in which copper can be obtained from solutions | Displacement and electrolysis |
| Properties of transition metals | good conductors of electricity. strong |
| properties of copper | very good conductor of heat and doesn't react with water. It's malleable. |
| why should we recycle metals? | Saves resources because less ore is needed to be mined. Less fossils fuels is needed to provide the energy to extract the metal from its ore |
| What is a hydro carbon? | A compound which contain hydrogen joined to carbons |
| What is the general formula for an alkane? | Cn H2n+2 |
| What is the pre-fix for the first 5 hydrocarbons? | Meth Eth Prop but pent |
| What bond must a alkane have between the carbons?? | Single bonds. so alkanes are saturated |
| why can hydrocarbons be separated fraction distillation? | because they have different boiling points |
| What are the stages of the fractional distillation column? | 1) the oil is heated in a furnace 2) the liquid is evaporated into gases 3) then put in the column, where it is hot at the bottom and cooler at the top 4) Each hydro carbon condenses when it gets to its own boiling point. 5) it is separated |
| How does the length of a hydrocarbon effect its boiling point? | The longer the molecule the higher the boiling point |
| where in the fractional distillation column is the hight boiling point stuff made? why? | at the bottom where it is hottest. Because it has a longer chain. |
| How does the length of the hydrocarbon chain effect the flammability of the hydrocarbon? | Longer the chain of hydrocarbon the less flammable it is. So it doesn't burn as easily |
| What does the length of the hydrocarbon do to the volatility of the hydrocarbon? | The longer the chain the less volatile. so it doesn't evaporate as easily |
| What is combustion? | When energy is released by a hydrocarbon reacting with Oxygen (burning) |
| What is the reaction called? | An oxidisation reaction |
| What are the products of complete combustion? | Carbon dioxide and water |
| When does incomplete combustion take place? | when there is not enough oxygen for complete combustion? |
| What are the products for incomplete combustion? | produces carbon monoxide and water. soot can also be produced? |
| What environmental factor does carbon dioxide have on the planet? | The carbon produced is a green house gas and leads to climate change |
| What environmental issue do the carbon particles cause? | they cause global dimming |
| What is global dimming? | Where the carbon particles in the air stop sunlight from getting through |
| how is sulfur dioxide produced? | coal and petrol contain sulfur. when they undergo combustion sulfur dioxide is produced |
| what environmental impact does sulfur dioxide cause? | Sulfur dioxide dissolves in rain water and causes acid rain |
| How are nitrogen oxides formed? | When car engines run they get hot. and this het causes a reaction between the nitrogen and the oxygen in the air |
| What does nitrogen oxides contribute too? | acid rain |
| What are two main sources of bio fuels? | Ethanol and vegetable oil |
| What is the economic advantage of using biofuels? | Less oil is needed, which is good because its non- renewable and running out. |
| economic disadvantage? | Plant crops to make the bio fuels are decreasing the land space that can be used to crow food crops so the prices of food goes up. meaning people can't afford it |
| Environmental disadvantages?? | Land is cleared to make room for plants which is bad because it clears habitats etc.. growing plants uses fertilisers and pesticides which can have harmful effects on the environment. |
| Environmental advantages | It is more carbon neutral |
| Alkenes are unsaturated, what is meant by this? | They have a double carbon bond |
| What is the general formula for a alkene? | Cn H2n |
| How do you test for saturation? | Bromine water test |
| TRY TO REMEMBER THE BROMINE WATER TEST !!!!!!!!!!!!! | ADD BROMINE WATER TILL THE SOLUTION STOPS TURNING FROM YELLOW TO COLOURLESS |
| What are the conditions for cracking? | heat and in the presence of a catalyst |
| what are the products of cracking a long chain alkane? | a short chain alkane and an alkene |
| what are monomers? | small molecules used to make polymers |
| what is the reaction called at we used to make polymers? | polymerisation |
| If you join ethene monomers together what polymer is created? | poly (ethene) |
| Just a reminder of how to draw the repeated unit of a polymer. | The n stands for a large number |
| What property of a polymer makes them hard to get rid of? | They are non-biodegradable which means they do not decompose |
| Benefits of using polymers? | Light strong easy to shape cheap to make non toxic |
| problems with polymers? | wastes oil. (which is running out) litter. hard to recycle land fills non biodegradable |
| what is meant by a shape memory polymer? | they change back to their original shape when temperature or other conditions are changed |
| What are the two ways of making ethene?? | hydratation of ethene fermentation |
| what is the equation for the hydration of ethene? | ethene + steam -> ethanol |
| what is the conditions needed for the hydration of ethene to happen? | high temperatures and presence of a catalyst |
| positive of the hydration of ethene? | pure ethanol is made so you don't have to purify it |
| negatives? | ethene is made from oil. a non-renewable source. needs high temperatures which is expensive |
| What is the process of fermentation? | sugar is mixed with yeast at around 40℃. This converts the sugar to ethanol. but it also produces the waste gas CO2 |
| Positives of fermentation? | It is made from a renewable source. cool temperatures so is less expensive |
| What is the negative to fermentation? | Ethanol is impure. we have to purify it which takes longer and costs money |
| Compare the two methods of making ethanol. | Hydration. use non renewable. needs high temperatures- which is expensive. Produces pure ethanol ferment. use renewable source. lower temperatures- which is less expensive. produces impure so we have to purify it which costs money |
| Name two ways in which vegetable oils can be extracted? | by crushing by distillation |
| What is the method of crushing? | Crush the plant material, then remove the water and other impurities |
| What is the method of distillation? | Plant material are missed wit water and this produces a mixture of oil and water where the oil can be separated |
| What do vegetable oils provide? | Nutrients and lots of energy |
| Why is cooking with oil better than cooking with water? | The boiling point of vegetable oils is higher o food can be cooked at a higher temperature which means it is faster. It also changes the flavour of the food Also some oil is absorbed by food so it is a higher energy content |
| How can vegetable oils be hardened? | hydrogenation where all the double carbon bonds become single bonds |
| what are the conditions for a hydration reaction? | 60℃ and in the presence of a nickel catalyst |
| What is the point of a hydrogenation reaction? | They are solids at room temperature so can be spread. |
| What do emulsifiers do? | they stop the oil separating from the water |
| How do emulsifiers work? | The head of an emulsifier molecule is hydro phillic which means it is attracted to water while the tail is hydrophobic which is attracted to oil and they are both attracted at the same time which holds the molecule together |
| What are the advantages to using oil and emulsifiers in food? | vegetable oils are high in energy and contain important nutrients. They also contain unsaturated fats which are better for you. emulsifiers make food smoother and creamier. |
| Disadvantages | Full of saturated fats which are linked with heart disease. because they taste better they are more tempting to eat more of them, which is bad for you |
| Describe the structure of the earth. | The earth is made up of the inner and outer core, which is surrounded by the mantle which is surrounded by the crust. |
| What is the crust? | Its a thin layer at the surface of the earth. It is split into tectonic plates |
| What is the mantle? | It is made of hot solid rock, it contains radioactive elements which generate heat. The heat rises created convection currents |
| What causes the tectonic plates to move a few centimetres each year? | convection currents |
| What are convection currents caused by? | Convection currents are caused by the release of energy from radioactive decay. |
| What happens where the plated meet? | Forces build up. |
| What does this cause | eventually it causes rocks to give way causing earthquakes, volcanos and mountains to form. |
| Who put forward the idea of continental drift? | Alfred wagener |
| Why didn't other scientists accept his theory? | Because he couldn't explain why the continents moved. |
| How were oceans formed? | 4.5 billon years ago, the earths surface was covered in volcanos which releases CO2 and water vapour and nitrogen. when the earth cooled most of the water vapour condensed to form oceans |
| Why do we have oxygen in our atmosphere? | Because plants and algae evolved which use the CO2 in the atmosphere to photosynthesis and released oxygen. |
| What is the miller-Urey experiment? | The experiment created a primordial soup which scientist believe that life started during this. |
| Problems with is theory | we cannot be certain which gases where in fact present during early life. We still don't know how these molecules turned to cells. |
| What was the atmosphere like in the early earth? | mainly Carbon dioxide |
| What is the earths atmosphere like today? | |
| What happened to the carbon dioxide which was in the early earth | Plants stared to photosynthesise which took it in and converted it to oxygen. and some of it was trapped in fossil fuels |
| What better for you saturated or unsaturated fats? | Unsaturated fats |
| What happens when a group 1 elements react with water | produces an alkali solution and hydrogen |
| What happens when a group 1 element reacts with Oxygen? | Produces a group 1 element oxide. |
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