5053753
Description
Flashcards by Natasha Gidluck, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natasha Gidluck
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Spontaneous Generation | Life appearing from nothing |
| Abiogenesis | Spontanious Generation |
| Biogenesis | Life coming from life |
| Cell | The smallest functional unit of life |
| Cell Theory | 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the smallest functional unit of life 3. All cells are produced from other cells |
| Simple Microscope | Has only one lens |
| Compound Microscope | Has two lenses |
| Compound Light Microscope | Has two lenses and illuminates objects with light |
| Electron Microscope | Objects are illuminated by electrons |
| Electron Micrograph | Photograph from an electron microscope |
| TEM | Transmission electron microscope 2D electron microscope |
| SEM | Scanning electron microscope 3D electron microscope |
| CLSM | Confocal laser scanning microscope Multiple slides put together to create 3D image of specimen |
| STM | Scanning tunnelling microscope Electron probe creates 3D images |
| Base | ACGT Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine |
| Gene Sequencing | Mapping the order of all the genes bases |
| Cell Culture | The growing of cells in a controlled environment |
| Cell Lines | The generations of cells that are grown |
| Stem cells | Cells that have all the DNA in your body and 'stem' out into specific types of cells |
| Organelle | A specialized part of a cell with a specific function |
| Cell Membrane | The flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and all the organelles |
| Cytoplasm | The goo that fills the inside of a cell |
| Lipid | Oils, fats and phospholipids that do not dissolve in water |
| Vesicle | Little carrier balls that go around the inside of a cell and repair, help create, or help an organelle |
| Nucleus | The brain of a cell |
| Nuclear Pores | Little holes in the nucleus that allow protiens and molecules to pass through |
| Nuclear Envelope | A double membrane surrounding the nucleus |
| Ribosome | Carry genetic info to put in protiens which help the cell |
| Nucleolus | The place in the nucleus where ribosomes are produced |
| Lysosome | A vesicle with digestive enzymes |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | The place where vesicles are produced and set to different parts of the cell |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | The section of the E.R. that is covered with ribosomes to replicate proteins |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | The section of the E.R. where vesicles are made and lipids are replicated |
| Golgi Apparatus | The organelle where lipids are modified, repackaged, and distributed |
| Mitochondria | The organelle that acts as an energy source in an animal cell |
| Chloroplast | The organelle that acts as an energy source by using photosynthesis in a plant cell |
| Centriole | An organelle near the nucleus that organizes during cell division |
| Vacuole | A storage for nutrients, food, water and a place where things are broken down and digested |
| Cell Wall | A wall on the outside of a membrane that is very permeable and only found in plant cells |
| Cellulose | The material that the cell wall is made of |
| Macrophage | A large cell that defends the body against diseases |
| Phospholipid | A certain type of lipid |
| Hydrophilic | Attracted to water |
| Hydrophobic | Repelled by water |
| Bilayer | A layer that is two molecules thick |
| Fluid-Mosaic Model | The idea that the multiple organisms connected to the cell membrane form a mosaic |
| Semi-Permeable | Some things can pass through while others cannot |
| Selective Transport | Only certain molecules are allowed through the membrane |
| Concentration Gradient | The comparison between two concentrations. Example: High and low |
| Equilibrium | When both concentrations are equal |
| Passive Transport | Transport that takes no energy-diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion |
| Hypotonic | Having a lower concentration of what is being dissolved in a liquid |
| Hypertonic | Having a higher concentration of what is being dissolved in a liquid |
| Isotonic | Having the same concentration of both the solute and the liquid |
| Transport Proteins | A protein in the cell membrane that helps move things in and out of the cell |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Diffusion using special proteins that move larger molecules |
| Carrier Protein | A protein that moves glucose molecules across the membrane by changing shape |
| Channel Protein | A protein that moves charged ions through a passage with the opposite charge |
| Active Transport | Transport that takes energy and uses the help of enzymes |
| Endocytosis | Transport used for substances that cannot be moved by active or passive transport. The membrane forms a pocket, closes it and breaks it off to form a vesicle |
| Exocytosis | The same thing as endocytosis but used for substances exiting the cell |
| Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis where the cell eats |
| Pinocytosis | A type of endocytosis where the cell drinks |
| Receptors | Proteins on the surface of a membrane that detect substances |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | When receptors tell the cell what to take in by means of endocytosis |
| Reverse Osmosis | Taking water out of the cell |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water |
| Diffusion | A type of transport that moves substances like oxygen through the membrane |
| Liposomes | Artificial vesicles created to take medications into cells |
| Surface Area to Volume Ratio | Whether the cell has higher surface are or volume based on its shape and size |
| Multicellular Organism | An organism that is made of more than one cell. Larger, has a variety of different cells, and thrives in a variety of different environments |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid that contains genetic information |
| Photosynthesis | The process in a chloroplast that converts sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into glucose (used for plant) and oxygen (by-product) |
| Glucose | A sugar product from photosynthesis that the plant uses for energy |
| Epidermis | The transparent protective skin on a leaf |
| Cuticle | A waxy transparent layer on top of the epidermis |
| Palisade Tissue Cell | The organized layer of cells containing chloroplasts that do most of the photosynthesis |
| Spongy Tissue Cell | The layer under the palisade cells that take in any extra light for photosynthesis and allow gases to move in air pockets |
| Stomata | Holes in the lower epidermis that allow gases to pass through like carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapour |
| Guard cells | The cells on either side of the stomata that control what comes in and out of the leaf by opening and closing |
| Xylem | The vein where water travels up the organism to the specialized cells |
| Phloem | The vein where glucose flows down into the organisms other specialized cells |
| Vascular Bundles | Holds the xylem and phloem veins together with tissue and is the system to allow the entire organism to get the substances it needs |
| Vascular Tissue Cells | The xylem and phloem veins, and the vascular bundle |
| Tissue | A tight group of similar cells |
| Organ | A functional part of a system made up of different tissues |
| System | A complex function using both organs and tissues |
| Lenticel | A pore in the bark of a tree that allows gases to pass through |
| Transpiration | The evaporation of water from leaves |
| Turgor Pressure | The pressure of guard cells that affects the rigidness of the plant |
| Xylem Vessel | The vein that transports xylem sap up through the plant |
| Phloem Vessel | The vein that transports phloem sap down through the plant |
| Tracheids | A type of xylem cell that goes through its life cycle quickly and functions while dead. Used to transport xylem sap |
| Vessel Elements | A type of xylem cell that dies and is used as a wall to transport the xylem sap through |
| Sieve Tubes | Tubing in phloem cells that is alive and used to transport phloem sap |
| Companion Cells | Phloem cells that link alongside of sieve tubes |
| Sieve Plates | Plates that separate the sieve tubes and companion cells |
| Root Hair | Little hairs that grow on the epidermis tissue and absorb water through the tip |
| Xylem Sap | Sap made of water and minerals that are transported up the plant |
| Phloem Sap | Sugary sap mad of glucose, minerals and water |
| Cohesion | The attraction of objects to one another - usually water molecules |
| Adhesion | The tendency for something to stick to a surface - usually water molecules |
| Root Pressure | The system that transports water up by the tension in the vessel caused by cohesion and adhesion |
| Stimuli | A response to the environment that causes the cell to move in some way |
| Tropism | The response of a cell |
| Phototropism | When a plant curves toward sunlight in order to do more photosynthesis |
| Sleep Movements | When plants change their shape throughout the day to absorb more light |
| Auxin | A chemical to stimulate plant growth found in the tip of a plant |
| Nastic Response | The response of a plant to touch |
| Gravitropism | The movement of a plant due to gravity that can be negative or positive |
| Surroundings | Anything outside the system |
| Open System | Mass and energy can pass through |
| Closed System | Energy can pass but not mass |
| Isolated System | No energy or mass can pass through |
| Biosphere | Land, air and water Biome-Ecosystem-Habitat |
| Atmosphere | Made up of nitrogen, oxygen and other gases. Has two lower layers, the troposphere and the stratosphere |
| Troposphere | The part of the atmosphere that extends from 0 - 12km (lower to the ground) |
| Stratosphere | The part of the atmosphere that extends from 13 - 50km (the higher section) |
| Lithosphere | The Earths crust |
| Hydrosphere | Water on Earths surface like rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. |
| Clouds | Water droplets found in troposphere |
| Cryosphere | The part of the hydrosphere that is frozen, like ice caps and glaciers |
| Radiation | Energy transfer with molecules giving out electromagnetic waves |
| Radiation Budget | The balance of energy and temperature on Earth |
| Albedo | How well a surface can reflect energy |
| Greenhouse Gases | Nitrous oxide, ground level ozone, methane, carbon dioxide, water vapour, halocarbons |
| Halocarbons | Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) |
| Greenhouse Effect | Heat from the sun is trapped in the Earths atmosphere so that life can thrive on the surface |
| Enhanced Greenhouse Effect | The increase in greenhouse gases that cause environmental damage that cannot be reversed |
| Climate | Trend in temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity and precipitation over time |
| Weather | The same trends as climate but happening at one place and time |
| Specific Heat Capacity | The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature1g of a substance by 1 degrees (C) |
| Phase Change | The transition from gas, liquid, and solid in a substance |
| Heat of Vaporization | The amount of energy to convert a substance from liquid to gas |
| Heat of Fusion | The amount of energy needed to melt one mole of a substance |
| Sublimation | A state change directly between solid and gas form |
| Hydraulic Cycle | Circulation of water in lakes, oceans, rivers, etc. Also called the water cycle |
| Jet Streams | Currents of extremely fast moving air |
| Sea Breeze | An air current moving from water to land (day) |
| Land Breeze | An air current moving from land to water (night) |
| Orographic Precipitation | Cool, mountainous precipitation that is condensing |
| Rain Shadow | A mountainous region that gets little precipitation and is far from winds |
| Humidity | When there is a lot of water in the hot air that makes it moist |
| Dew Point | The temperature where condensed water falls as rain or snow |
| Climatograph | Scientific tool to display information about temperature and precipitation of an area over a period of time |
| Biome | A big geographic region with regular environmental conditions unique to the area |
| Ecosystem | A system within a biome in which living and non-living things interact with each other |
| Habitat | Where an organism lives or is usually found |
| Adaptation | A characteristic that helps an organism survive or reproduce in their environment |
| Physiological Adaptation | Occur inside an organism but are not seen as features on an animal at a glance |
| Structural Adaptation | Visible features of an organism that happen with the body |
| Behavioural Adaptation | Regular changes that organisms do for a variety of different reasons. Does not have to be in relation to their body |
| Paleoclimatology | The study of past climates |
| Weathering | A natural process that breaks down materials on the surface of the Earth |
| Conduction | Heat is transmitted directly through a substance |
| Convection | Natural movement of hot air rising and cool air sinking |
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