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Flashcards by ashiana121, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ashiana121
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| _________ and ___________ have had a massive impact on society over the last few centuries | Science and technology |
| They have __________ religion and led to a widespread "belief in science" | Undermined |
| The key feature of science is its _______ _____ | Cognitive power |
| What does this mean? | Science enables us to explain, predict and control the world |
| Who claims science is an "open belief system"? | Popper |
| He argues science is open to _______ and _______ | Criticism and testing |
| Science is based on the principle of _____________ | Falsification |
| What is this? | Scientists try to falsify existing theories by seeking evidence to disprove them. If evidence contradicts a theory, the theory is discarded and a better one found. In this way, knowledge grows. |
| However scientific knowledge is not the absolute truth. Why? | It can always be tested and potentially falsified |
| _________ argues that science is an organised social activity | Merton |
| Merton has developed a set of norms that promote the growth of knowledge by encouraging openness. What is the name of these norms? | CUDOS norms |
| C | Communism Knowledge must be shared with the scientific community |
| U | Universalism Scientific knowledge is judged by universal, objective criteria (testing) |
| D | Disinterestedness Seeking knowledge for its own sake |
| O S | Organised Scepticism Every theory is open to criticism and testing |
| Who distinguishes between open and closed belief systems? | Horton |
| Like _________, he sees science as an open belief system | Popper |
| However religion is a ______ belief system. How? | Closed It makes knowledge claims that cannot be disproven |
| A closed system has ___ ___ _______ that prevent it from being disproved in the eyes of its believers | Get out clauses |
| POLANYI Belief systems have three devises to sustain themselves when presented with contradictory evidence. What are these? | 1. Circularity 2. Subsidiary explanations 3. Denying legitimacy to rival beliefs |
| Who argues SCIENCE is a closed system? | Kuhn |
| What concept does Kuhn use to explain this? | Scientific paradigms |
| What is a paradigm? | A shared set of assumptions |
| What does the paradigm tell scientists? | What reality is really like Defining problems Methods Equipments Likely research findings |
| Most of the time, scientists are engaged in _______ _______ within the paradigm | Normal science |
| Scientists who __________ the paradigm are likely to be ridiculed | Challenge |
| At what time is there an exception to this? | During periods of scientific revolution |
| INTERPRETIVISTS argue that scientific knowledge is ________ __________ | Socially constructed |
| _______-______ argues that what scientists study in the lab is highly constructed and far removed from the natural world they are supposedly studying | Knorr-Cetina |
| What does Woolgar argue scientists have to persuade the scientific community to do? | Accept their interpretations of the world - a scientific fact is therefore simply a shared, social constructed interpretation |
| Who do Marxists and Feminists see science as serving the interests of? | Dominant groups ie. men and capitalists |
| In a marxist view, many scientific developments are driven by what? | Capitalisms seed for knowledge to make profit |
| Which perspective also rejects science's claims to have 'the truth'? | Postmodernists |
| Lyotard argues that science is a ____-_________ | Meta-narrative |
| What is a meta-narrative? | A big story, an explanation for everything that happens in society |
| Some argue that science has become _____________, serving capitalist interests by producing commodities for profit | Technoscience |
| What does the term "ideology" refer to? | A belief system, worldview or set of ideas. |
| The term often includes ________ aspects | Negative |
| For example, beliefs that are false or are a ______ view of reality | Partial |
| Or beliefs that conceal the interests of a group or _______ inequalities | Legitmate |
| Or beliefs that prevent change by misleading people about their situation, or beliefs that are irrational and closed to _______ | Criticism |
| Marxism sees society as divided into two opposed classes: | - capitalist ruling class - working class, who are forced to sell their labour |
| The capitalist class exploit workers labour to produce _____ | Profit |
| It is in the workers interests to _________ capitalism by revolution and create a classless, communist society | Overthrow |
| However, revolution cannot occur until the working class become aware of their exploitation : _____ ____________ | Class consciousness |
| What is hegemony? | Ideological leadership of society |
| How does ruling class hegemony prevent class consciousness? | By legitimating capitalism (justifying it) |
| Who believes that ultimately the working class will overthrow capitalism? | Gramsci |
| This will be led by a party of class conscious ________ __________ | Organic intellectuals |
| Feminists see ______ ________ as legitimated by patriarchal ideology | Gender inequality |
| What do religious beliefs and practises often define women as? | Inferior |
| Give an example of this | Menstruating women regarded as unclean and excluded from rituals |
| Not all religious belief systems subordinate women. Give an example | Before the monotheistic patriarchal religions, MATRIARCHAL religions with female deities were common |
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