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| Question | Answer |
| --HOW SUCCESSFULLY DID GERMANY'S GOVERNMENTS CONTROL THE GERMAN PEOPLE IN THE YEARS 1918-89?-- | --HOW SUCCESSFULLY DID GERMANY'S GOVERNMENTS CONTROL THE GERMAN PEOPLE IN THE YEARS 1918-89?-- |
| --Attempts to control extremism, 1918-32-- | --Attempts to control extremism, 1918-32-- |
| --Making concessions-- | --Making concessions-- |
| What was the Ebert-Groner Pact? | -Made on 10th November 1918. -Declared that the army would support the new government as long as it opposed the more left-wing ideas of parties in the Reichstag. |
| What was the Stinnes-Legien Agreement? | -Created on 15th November 1918. -Made with trade unionists and industrialists. -This Agreement declared their support in return for legislation on hours of work and on adequate union representation. |
| Who did the new government turn to in the event that the Ebert-Groener Pact collapsed? | The Freikorps. |
| --Regional disruption-- | --Regional disruption-- |
| What was the major issue with the regions of Germany after the war? | Not all of them adopted the new Weimar constitution at the same time, meaning that it was easier for extremists (like the communists in Thuringia in 1922) to take over and create a new government. |
| By which method did the new Weimar government deal with this? | -They used the Freikorps. -They also used the method of Reichsexekution. |
| What was Reichsexekution? | A takeover by the federal government and the army until the Weimar constitution and the Weimar system of government could be put back into place. |
| --Lopsided control-- | --Lopsided control-- |
| How did threats from the left and right differ? | -Left-wing revolts and protests were put down swiftly and quickly by the army. -Right-wing revolts and protests were sometimes met by inaction by the army and, if brought to trail, the judiciary were less keen to use harsh sentences against right-wingers. |
| What was the effect of this? | -It made left-wingers more angry, and therefore caused more extreme measures to come into action. -It made right-wingers more confident, and therefore caused more extreme measures to come into action. |
| --How did the Nazis use censorship and repression from 1933 to 1945?-- | --How did the Nazis use censorship and repression from 1933 to 1945?-- |
| In broad terms, why did the Nazis use censorship and repression? | To create a situation where ordinary people were, in the main, too scared to oppose the Nazis and therefore create a non-opposed totalitarian dictatorship. |
| What did the Decree for the Protection of the People and the State allow the Nazi Party to do? | -Ban publications. -Take people into 'protective custody' without taking them to trial. -Suspended civil rights. -Search homes and workplaces without warrant. |
| --Censorship-- | --Censorship-- |
| On 25th March 1933, what did Goebbels tell all the controllers of German radio? | Radio stations served the government, so they had to express Nazi ideology and follow government instructions about what to broadcast. |
| What happened to the staff of these radio stations? | They were purged to get rid of: -Jews -Half-Jews -People married to Jews -People who had belonged to KPD and SPD. |
| What was the issue with censoring the press? | Very hard to do due to the sheer number of daily newspapers that Germany had. |
| What did Hitler do on the 4th October 1933? | Issued a decree that made the content of any paper the responsibility of the editor and made it a crime for the editor to publish anything that might weaken the Third Reich, at home or abroad, or harm the German economy, culture or people. |
| What did public uptake of newspapers look like 1932-33? | 1932 - 59 Nazi newspapers, 780,000 readers. 1933 - 86 Nazi newspapers, 3 million readers. |
| How did the state further control the press in December 1933? | -Set up a state-owned press agency. -All newspapers were expected to pick up their stories from the agency, who issued guidelines on how to report the stories. -Also issued a list of stories that should not be spoken about. |
| --Repression-- | --Repression-- |
| What was the first major step in Nazi repression? | -Nazis banned all political parties in 1933. -This made forming political parties a crime, and the Nazis set up concentration camps to hold political prisoners. -These camps proved to be a strong deterrent to political protest. |
| --Policing and the courts-- | --Policing and the courts-- |
| Name 4 different 'organisations' that the Nazis used alongside the existing police and judicial system. | -Gestapo -SS (Schutzstaffel) -People's Court -Nazi Party officials (Gau and blockwardens) |
| --Gestapo-- | --Gestapo-- |
| When was this set up and by whom? | -April 1933 -Hermann Goering. |
| What did the Gestapo do? | -Had its own legal system. -Operated independently of the existing legal system. -They weeded out enemies of the state, and Gestapo could arrest people for ANYTHING anti-Nazi (even telling jokes). |
| How did the Gestapo differ from the SA and SS? | -Did not wear any uniform. -Encouraged people to think that any stranger they met might be a member to make people very careful about what they said. |
| --SS-- | --SS-- |
| Who were the SS and what did they do? | -The political police. -They removed the SA in 1934. -They ran the concentration camp system. |
| How did the numbers of the SS increase, and what did this mean for its responsibilities? | 1925 - 240 personal bodyguards. 1936 - 240,000 SS members were in charge of the Gestapo with their own economic branch to run labour and concentration camps. |
| --People's Court-- | --People's Court-- |
| When was this set up and what did it do? | -Set up in Berlin in 1934. -A court specifically to try people accused of being traitors to the Third Reich. |
| What was the structure of the People's Court, and how much power did it have? | 2 judges and 5 other members chosen from the Nazi Party, SS and armed forces. Trials were NOT publicly hold and you COULD NOT appeal the verdict. |
| --Nazi Party officials-- | --Nazi Party officials-- |
| Give 2 examples of roles the Nazi Party officials had. | -Some ran a region or Gau. -Others were Bloc Wardens (Blockwarts) who ran individual apartment blocks. |
| What were all Nazi Party officials assumed to do? | Watching for the smallest infringement of Nazi rules. |
| --The constitutional and legal responses to political extremism, 1949-89-- | --The constitutional and legal responses to political extremism, 1949-89-- |
| Why was there an increase in the extremity of protests during the FRG period? | Government responses were deemed to be quite severe (such as the Emergency Law), and therefore people felt more restricted and therefore turned to more aggressive means to get what they wanted. |
| --Policing the people-- | --Policing the people-- |
| Name 2 organisations set up by the government in the FRG period to tackle political extremism. | -BfV, set up in 1950. -BND, set up in 1956. |
| What were these organisations entitled to do? | Investigate people they suspected of working against the Basic Law. |
| How did the BfV and BND differ? | -BfV worked only inside Germany and reported to the minister of the interior. -BND reported directly to the chancellor and it conducted investigations abroad as well as in Germany. |
| Unlike the Gestapo, what were the BfV and BND NOT permitted to do? | -They had to abide by civil liberties. -Not allowed to: --Open mail --Search homes --Monitor phone calls. |
| How did the government get around the Basic Law principle of not allowing the government to hamper civil liberties? | Passed the Emergency Law in 1968, as protests by students, unions and other groups became more and more violent. |
| What were the effects of this Law on protest? | -Big drop in the number of open protests. -Increase in number of arrests. -Some decided that terrorism would therefore be the only way to get the message across to the government. |
| What was the BEFA and what were the effects of this? | -Beobachtende Fahndung. -Gave the BND centralised access to all police information in the FRG. -Led to a decrease in terrorist activity in the FRG towards the end of the 1970s. |
| What further measures were introduced to combat the threat of terrorism? | The Grenzschutzgruppen (GSG-9) was set up as a special operations unit to act against terrorists after the shootings at the Munich Olympics, 1972. |
| --People management-- | --People management-- |
| What was the Berufsverbot? | -Employment ban. -This banned people from specific political parties that might pose a threat to democracy, from getting into jobs. -This was seldom used (fewer than 100 people lost their jobs between 1950 and 1972 due to it). -Impossible to estimate the people who were not employed because of their political views. |
| What was the Radikalenerlass? | -Anti-Radical Decree. -Issued in January 1972. -Allowed for political vetting of everyone applying for a state job, from teachers to postmen to civil servants. |
| Why was the Radikalenerlass introduced? | As a reaction to the rise of extremist protest. |
| --Timeline-- Laws passed by the FRG to control opposition | --Timeline-- Laws passed by the FRG to control opposition |
| December 1950 | The Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV; Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution) set up. The employment ban, Berufsverbot, introduced. |
| April 1956 | The Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND; Federal Information Service) set up to deal mostly with information gathering abroad, but also some in the FRG. |
| 30th May 1968 | The Seventeenth Law to Supplement the Basic Law (the Emergency Law) is passed to give the federal government powers in a 'national emergency', giving them greater powers inside the states and allowing them to use the army inside the country. |
| 28th January 1972 | The Radikalenerlass (Anti-Radical Decree) allowing vetting of people applying for jobs in the public sector is passed. Grenzschutzgruppe 9 (GSG-9 anti-terrorist special forces) is set up. |
| 1977 | A central police surveillance system (BEFA, Beobachtende Fahndung) is set up to provide computerised access to the same police information all over the country. |
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