5736572
Description
Flashcards by Ragnhild Sæland, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ragnhild Sæland
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Schema | Most basic unit of cognitive functioning |
| Adaptation | children change their schemas through adaptation. Piaget meant this involves accommodation and assimilation |
| Accommodation | when schemas are modified so that they can be applied to both new and old experiences |
| Assimilation | when experiences are incorporated in existing schemas |
| Equilibrium | back and forth process of fitting schemas to experiences and finding a balance |
| Emotion | a feeling state that involves distinctive psychological responses and cognitive evaluations that motivate action |
| Metacognition | ability to think about and regulate one's own thoughts and allows one to asses how difficult a problem is likely yo be and to choose strategies to solve it in a flexible way |
| Experience-Expectant Processes | One of two major classes of brain development: when people seem to expect experiences that are universal in all normally developing human beings. Allow infants to take advantage of their exposure to these features of the environment and use them to acquire the related basic human behaviors |
| Experience-Dependent | Synapses are generated in response to the specific experiences of specific individuals. Allow us to learn from experiences |
| Plasticity | The degree to which development is open to change and intervention in the brain. 2 periods: Critical (biological development) and Sensitive (psychological development) |
| William's Syndrome | A genetic condition which is caused by abnormality in chromosome. Medical problems are heart problems, blood vessel problems, kidney problems and metabolism. A rare syndrom and characterized by unusual facial features and uneven cognitive profile, learning disabilities |
| Centration | focusing on one aspect of a situation and ignoring the others. common in early childhood |
| Decentration | when focusing on multiple aspects of a situation |
| Conservation | understanding that some properties of an object remain the same even when its appearance is altered in some way |
| Modularism | assumes innate modules as independent units. Aim with modularism is to find modules that are responsible for cognitive functions |
| Causal Connection | when we suppose there is a causal connection between mental states and behavior. |
| Coherence | when our mentalistic explanations create coherence and cohesion and try to tell this story without attributing mental states |
| Cohesion | when objects maintain their connectedness |
| Continuity | and object traces exactly one connected path over space and time and objects move as connected wholes |
| Child Language Data Exchange System | A database of speech audio files and text transcriptions that serve as a central repository for first language acquisition data |
| Naturalistic Observation | the most direct way to gather information and it is a very plausible method - three approaches: 1. Ethology, 2. Ethnography, 3. Ecological Approach |
| Ethology | behavior observed in its natural context |
| Ethnography | observations in different cultures |
| Ecological Approach | sees children in the context of all various settings |
| Episodic Memory | explicit and contain memory of episodes and events. organized around schemas or scripts and are generic knowledge structure that represents temporal sequences of events in specific contexts |
| Infantile Amnesia | Autobiographical memory, memories of events we participated in and where we remember personally relevant and specific past events that can be located in a particular time and place |
| Infant Directed Talk | the distinctive mode of speech that adults adopt, when talking to babies and very young children. Characteristics include a warm and affectionate tone, high pitch and slower speech |
| Implicit Memory | Fully developed in early childhood and there is no indication of development, two categories: declarative and non-declarative |
| The Rationality Principle | The logic of a situation - it is the assumption that people try to reach their goals. Action function to bring about future goal states |
| WUG-test | This test show how children can apply the rules of their language, even to non-sense words, that they could never have heard before |
| Top-down processes | Past experiences help us make inferences |
| Bottom-up processing | It's a "what you see is what you get" hypothesis, not depending on prior knowledge |
| Deferred Imitation | Before mental representations they are not able to imitate. After, they can imitate even if it is a while after |
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