6793905
Description
Flashcards by Hannah McDonald, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Hannah McDonald
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Nucleic Acid | A polymer of repeating nucleic acid monomers |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid |
| Nucleotide | A pentose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base linked together. They are the monomers of nucleic acid |
| C | Cytosine |
| G | Guanine |
| U | Uracil |
| Pentose | 5 carbon suger eg deoxyribose, ribose |
| Purine | 2 ring nitrogenous base-adenine and guanine |
| Pyrimidine | 1 ring nitrogenous bas - cytosine, thymine and uracil |
| Hydrogen Bond | Weak force that holds the two DNA strand together. Formed between complimentary bases |
| Double Helix | Double stranded form of DNA- like a twisted ladder |
| Antiparallel | Each strand of DNA runs in opposite directions. Direction indicated by free carbons as 5' and 3' |
| Complimentary Base Pairing | Bases will only pair due to the number of hydrogen bonds they form A to T/U & C to G |
| Sugar-Phospahte Backbone | Each strand of DNA or RNA has a backbone of repeating pentose sugars and phosphate groups |
| DNA Helicase | The enzyme that unwinds DNA during DNA replication |
| DNA Polymerase | The enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides to the strands exposed by helicase |
| Semi-Conservative | Each new DNA molecule has one strand form the original DNA molecule and one newly synthesised strand |
| Transcription | DNA template strand is copied by RNA polymerase, using complementary base pairing. This forms pre-mRNA and happens in the nucleus. Pre-mRNA undergoes post transcriptional modification where introns are removed before mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome |
| Steps of Transcription | 1. The DNA code from a gene is copied into mRNA 2. RNA polymerase joins complementary RNA nucleotide 3. Exon's are expressed, introns are removed 4. mRNA exits the nucleus via nuclear pores |
| Translation | The ribosome, read the mRNA code. tRNA has anticodons which are complementary and attach to the mRNA codons and brings the correct specific amino acid to the ribosome. The ribosome forms and peptide bond between the amino acids to form a polypeptide |
| Steps for Translation | 1. mRNA binds to ribosome 2. tRNA brings specific amino acids 3. Anticodon on tRNA is complementary to codon on the mRNA 4. Amino acid joined by peptide bonds 5. Stop codons does not code for an amino acid 6. mRNA and polypeptide released from the ribosome////////// |
| mRNA | Messneger RNA Single stranded molecules formed ni the nucleus which is complementary to the code on a allele It is formed during transcription in the nucleus and leaves the nucleus to go to ribosomes in the cytoplasm for translation Location: nucleus and cytoplasm |
| rRNA | Ribosomal RNA Along with proteins is used to make ribosomes Location: cytoplasm |
| tRNA | Transfer RNA Brings specific amino acids to the ribosomes Location: ribosomes |
| RNA polymerase | Enzyme used to make mRNA in the process of transcription |
| Ribosome | Organelle and site of protein synthesis Can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Endoplasmic Reticulum with ribosomes attached |
| Codon | Three letter code of bases |
| Universal | Used to describe DNA as it is found in all living organisms |
| Amino Acids | Monomers used to build proteins 20 amino acids involved in protein synthesis |
| Protein | Made from amino acids Functional roles e.g. enzymes, antibodies Structural roles e.g. keratine |
| Genetic Code | The sequence of bases in DNA form the genetic code |
| Degenerate | Amino acids are coded for by 3 letter bases sequences called codons As there are more codons than amino acids the code is described as being degenerate as each amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon |
| Non-overlapping | Bases are read 3 at a time in a non-overlapping manner |
| Anticodon | The three bases at the end of a tRNA molecule that are complimentary to the codon on mRNA This means that amino acids are arranged in the correct order as coded for by mRNA |
| DNA probe | A single stranded segment of radioactivity labelled DNA. Purpose: allows DNA/gene to be seen or identified |
| Gel Electrophoresis | Separates DND fragments based on size and charge |
| Restriction enzyme | RE cut at particular base sequence called a recognition sequence. Can be blunt or sticky end cuts. Found in bacteria |
| DNA ligase | Enzyme that joins 2 DNA fragments at the sugar phosphate backbone |
| Genetic Engineering | The technique of making a new genetic code |
| Plasmid | Small circular ring of DNA found in prokaryotes, can replicate independently of binary fission. Used in genetic engineering |
| Recombinant DNA | Formed when two pieces of DNA from different organisms are joined together |
| Sticky ends | When DNA is cut by some restriction enzymes, single bases are exposed at the ends of the DNA |
| Recognition Site | The specific base sequence in DNA recognised by restriction enzymes |
| Annealing | This is when two complimentary sticky ends come together and for hydrogen bonds between their bases |
| Ligation | The use of DNA ligase to stick two pieces of DNA together making one piece of DNA |
| Monomer | Small molecule |
| Polymer | Repeated monomers |
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