7321537
Description
Flashcards by Alice Winchester, updated more than 1 year ago
|
Created by Alice Winchester
almost 8 years ago
|
|
| Question | Answer |
| Otto Jesperson, 1922 | -Women talk a lot -Women use half-finished sentences because they don't think before they speak -Link with 'and' because emotional rather than grammatical -Overuse 'pretty' and 'nice' -Men are responsible for introducing new words into our language?! -Didn't conduct any studies, heavily criticised |
| Robin Lakoff, 1975 | -Deficit theory -Women speak less frequently -Show listening by using 'mmm' and 'yeah' -Speak quite than men and use a range of pitches -Use greater range of intonation, speak in italics/emphatic stress -declarative sentences into questions/uncertainty -Hedges, overuse qualifiers, tag questions, apologetic, intensifiers, lexicon (range of words for subjects), super-polite forms. -Lack sense of humour -Avoid slang, taboo language -Stereotyped, didn't do research, ideas based on observations |
| Dale Spender, 1980 | -Dominance theory -Idea is that men dominate our society in language, reflects a patriarchal society -Language imbalance (titles, terms more common for women) -Negative correlations with the names given to label women e.g.. Mistress has sexual connotations -Only men have permanent names, women don't have right to be surname addressed |
| Zimmerman and West, 1975 | -Spender built on their original theory of interruptions (competitive overlapping) -Small sample of discussions -Reported that in 11 conversations between men and women, men used 46 interruptions and women only 2 -Concluded that this proves men are attempting to dominate -Didn't count interruptions between same sex, very little variety |
| Geoff Beattie, 1982 | -Criticised Z&W, explained that there may have been a particularly voluble man causing a disproportionate effect -Questioned why it would reflect dominance, why not interest? -Recorded 10 hours of discussion and 557 interruptions -Found men and women interrupted more of less at equal frequency (men only slightly but statistically insignificant) |
| Janet Holmes, 1984 | -Explored Lakoff's tag q's -Referential tag q's (uncertainty e.g. we turn here, don't we?) -Affective, FACILITATIVE (express solidarity and intimacy e.g. we love that show, don't we?) -Affective, SOFTENING (weakening a command or criticism e.g. take out the rubbish, won't you?) |
| O'Barr and Atkins, 1980 | -Looked at courtroom cases and witnesses' speech -Findings challenged Lakoff's view -Language differences are based on situational-specific authority or power rather than gender |
| Pamela Fishman, 1980 and 1990's | -Seemed to agree with Lakoff and Spender -Women ask more Q's and backchannel support -Women do more conversational work (conversational shitwork) due to inferior position in society -Women might speak this way to maintain relationships with men -Women ask more Q's, have more minimal responses, are attention-getters and little topic initiation compared to men |
| Deborah Tannen, 1990 | -Difference (idea that socialisation begins when we are taught how to be a girl/boy) -Speech styles are a series of contrasts e.g. Status vs Support, Independence vs Intimacy, Advice vs Understanding, Info vs Feeling, Orders vs Proposal, Conflict vs Compromise |
Want to create your own Flashcards for free with GoConqr? Learn more.