Created by sophiakostich
over 11 years ago
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Question | Answer |
What is the function of the kidney? | The kidney filters things out of the blood that are harmful or not needed for excretion in the urine. It also maintains homeostasis. |
What capsule surrounds the kidney? | A connective tissue capsule. |
What are the two major regions in the kidney? | The cortex and the medulla. |
What two parts form the cortex of the kidney? | The cortical labyrinth and the medullary rays. |
Which part of the nephron are in the cortical labyrinth of the cortex? | The renal corpuscles, cross sections of the PCT, DCT and macula densa cells. |
What parts of the nephron are in the medullary rays of the cortex? | The collecting tubules, PCT and ascending limb of Henles loop. |
True or false: the countercurrent exchange system is held in the medulla of the kidney. | TRUE. |
Where are caps of cortical tissue found in the medulla? | Around lateral portions of medullary pyramids and between them forming renal columns. NB the medulla contains some components of cortical tissue but it is still the medulla. |
What does the renal artery branch into? | The interlobular arteries. |
When the arteries are between the medulla and the cortex what are they called? | Arcuate arteries. |
What is the difference in vasculature in cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons (specifically the laters part of the vasculature)? | Cortical nephrons - form peritubular network Juxtamedullary nephron - form vasa recta in medulla |
What is the nephron? What is it responsible for? | The functional unit of the kidney that is responsible for production of urine. |
What makes up the renal corpuscle? | Glomerulus, Bowmans capsule and Bowmans Space |
What is the glomerulus? | The capillary network responsible for initial filtration of blood. |
What percentage of the fenestrated capillaries of the glomerulus do pores occupy? | 20% of the total area (allow passage of small molecules) |
What is the layer of epithelial cells called that coats the blood vessels in the bowmans capsule (coats the glomerulus)? What are their main features? | Podocytes. Numerous, long, tentacle like extensions called pedicles wrapping around the glomerulus. They leave filtration spaces for fluid to go from glomerular capillaries to BC. |
What makes up the filtration membrane of the glomerulus? | Fusion of the endothelial membrane of the glomerulus and the inner epithelial membrane of the bowmans capsule. |
What cannot be filtered by the glomerulus? | Plasma proteins, blood, molecules over 1kDa. |
What is the function of intraglomerular mesangial cells? | They act like macrophages to remove matter that would otherwise clog filtration sites in the glomerulus. They also secrete mesangial matrix, vasoactive factors and have contractile properties. |
What is the name given to extraglomerular mesangial cells? | Lacis cells |
True or false: the tubular and collecting systems in the kidney are made up of more than just a single layer of epithelial cells. | FALSE. they are made of a single layer of epithelial cells and have similar basic structure. |
Which part of the nephron is the major site of resorption?What kind of epithelia lines this part of the nephron? | The PCT. Simple cuboidal epithelium |
What are some of the special features of the PCT to allow it to perform resorption of substances? | Acidophilic cytoplasm, numerous mitochondria for pumps, apical cells have microvili and canaliculi to increase surface area, basolateral side of cells has interdigitations with many Na/K pumps |
What is reabsorbed in the PCT? | All glucose, amino acids, some water and sodium chloride. |
What does the permeability of the thick and thin parts of the loop of henle depend on? | The type of epithelial cells lining the tubule. |
What kind of epithelial cells line the thin limb of the loop of hence? | Squamous epithelial cells. |
What kind of epithelial cells line the thick segments of the L of H? | Simple cuboidal epithelial cells. |
What three things make up the distal tubules of the nephron in the kidney? | Thick limb of henle, MC cells and DCT |
What kind of epithelial cells line the DCT? What are some of the special characteristic of the DCT to assist its function? | Simple cuboidal epithelium. The basolateral membrane interdigitates to increase surface area. There are lots of mitochondria for pumps. |
Which part of the kidney is the main site of resorption of Na? | DCT. |
What are the two types of cells in the collecting duct? | Clear cells - cuboid or flat with few organelles Dark cells - rich in organelles especially mitochondria |
What three types of cells form the juxtaglomerular apparatus? | Macula densa cells (MD), juxtaglomerular cells and extraglomerular mesangial cells (lacis cells) |
What are macula densa cells sensitive to? What is the difference in their epithelia? | They are sensitive to flow through the tubule and the concentration of Na and Cl ions in the fluid. Their eipthelial cells are taller, thinner and have more prominent nuclei. |
Where would you find juxtaglomerular cells and how are they modified? | They are found in the afferent arteriole before the bowmans capsule. They are modified smooth muscle cells with cytoplasm full of secretory granules. |
Where are lacis cells found? | between the afferent and efferent arterioles. Also known as extraglomerular mesangial cells. |
What are the two types of cells in the collecting duct? What are their functions. | Principal - few organelles, reabsorb Na and secrete K Intercalated - main organelles, secrete H and reabsorb HCO3. Can alter their permeability to water. |
Once urine has been transported through the collecting ducts where does it flow in to? | Ducts of bellini. |
What kind of epithelium is found in extra renal tubes? How it is specialised for its function? | Transitional epitelium. It is stratified and can vary the amount of layers it has - 3 when bladder is empty, 6 when bladder is full. |
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