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| Question | Answer |
| What are tissues? | Tissues make up the 2nd structual level, and they can be defined as: --- "A group of cells that are similar in structure and that are working together to perform a common function" |
| The tissues are classified into Four primary tissue types; they are: | Epithelium Connective Muscular Nervous |
| Epithelial Characteristics: | * Contains cells that are very closely packed together * Are in different shapes: - Squamous (flat) shaped - Cubed shaped (cuboidal) - Column-shaped (columnar) * Can contain many layers (stratified) and can be a single layer (flat) |
| Where is the Epithelial located? | Often find them covering or lining organs. and thus creating a boundary between the organ and the surroundings. *e.g. the heart, kidney intestines, liver and lungs. |
| Protection, secretion, and absorption To basically cover the organs, creating a boundary between the organ and the surroundings; to protect the organ by lining and covering the surface. | |
| What are squamous epithelial cells? What do they do? Where can you find them? What organization can they be? | • Flat cells that have a squashed appearance • Protection and absorption • Skin, lining of capillaries • Can be simple (lungs, heart), stratified (skin, oesophagus) and pseudostratified (bronchi and male urethra) |
| What are cuboidal epithelial cells? What do they make up and what do they do? Where can you find them? What organisation can they be? | • Cube or dice shaped • Make up glands (secretory) and absorb water and small molecules • Kidney, pancreas, and other exocrine and endocrine glands. Often produce hormones or other enzymes • Can be simple or stratified |
| What are columnar epithelial cells? What do they do? Where can you find them? What are goblet cells? | • Column or pillar shaped (longer than wide) • Secretion and absorption • Found all through the digestive and respiratory systems. • Intestinal lining, stomach lining, lungs and other organs Specialized cells produce mucus in the intestine (Goblet cells) |
| What are the 6 types of connective tissue? | Loose connective tissue Adipose Fibrous Cartilage Bone Blood |
| What does connective tissue do? What does it allow? | • Bind other tissues together • Allow organs to move and conform with body, anchor organs in place, absorb shock. |
| What are 5 other functions of connective tissue? PESPR | o preserve structural integrity o exchange metabolites o store energy o protect against infection o repair after injury |
| What does loose connective tissue look like? | • Appears as a mat of interwoven fibres with small spaces in it |
| What do the spaces in loose connective tissue contain? | • Spaces contain fibroblasts (cells) that secrete and maintain fibres in matrix |
| What does loose connective tissue connect? Hold in place? Acts as what for where? Allows for what? Forms what? | • Connects epithelial to underlying tissue • Holds organs in place • Acts as padding for soles of feet and elsewhere • Allows lungs and bladder to expand • Forms internal framework of body |
| What 2 things are made of fibrous connective tissue? | • Ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (muscle to bone) |
| What does cartilage allow for ? (2) | • Strong, flexible and allows for cushioning of joints • Shock absorption |
| What's cartilage's fibre? | mostly collagen and elastin for flexibility |
| What is bone used for? | • Structural support, point of resistance for muscles, anchor for tissues and organs |
| What systems does bone form? | • Forms skeletal organ system and axial (spine, skull, etc.) and appendicular (limbs) skeletons |
| What are bone's cells? Fibres? Ground substance? | • Cell = osteocytes (secret collagen, calcium and phosphorus; found in Lacunae) • Fibres = collagen imbedded in ground substance • Ground substance = solid matrix of calcium, phosphorus, collagen fibres. |
| What does bone act as a reservoir for? What can it produce? | • Acts as reservoir for calcium ( which is important for nerves, muscle function) • Some areas produce red blood cells |
| What helps preserve bone mass and when does it naturally begin degrading? | • Some areas produce red blood cells • Running and resistance training help preserve mass which begins to degrade after 30 yrs. |
| What does blood transport? What does it connect? | • Transports O2, nutrients, hormones and other metabolites and removes CO2 waste • Connects everything in body |
| What are the 3 cells in blood? | o red blood cells (erythrocytes; transport oxygen and are produced in bone) o White blood cells (leukocytes, there are 5 types; act in defense) o Platelets (function to stop bleeding and respond to injury) |
| What are blood's fibres? | proteins |
| What is blood's ground substance made of? | • Ground substance = protein rich liquid matrix called plasma. Contains platelets, nutrients, nitrogenous waste, hormones, dissolved CO2. |
| What does nervous tissue do? | • Perception, signaling and response • Functions to initiate and conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another • Electrical signals function to stimulate stuff |
| True or False? • Nerve cells can be a few microns or 2 metres long | true |
| What is a neuron? What are its 5 parts? | • Signaling cell. Consists of: 1. Dendrite (small branches that bring electrical info into cell 2. Cell body 3. Axon (branch which conducts electrical signals out from the cell 4. Neurotransmitters (chemicals that facilitate communication) 5. Synapses (junction between neurons) |
| What is a neuroglia? Is it common? | • Act in support and protection, as well as a ground substance that binds the nervous tissue together • Most common cells |
| What are the 3 parts of neuroglia? | 1. Astrocytes (provide nutrients to neuron) 2. Microglia (remove bacteria and other foreign from tissue) 3. Oligodendrites and Schwann cells (produce the myelin coating around axon) |
| What is muscle tissue? | • Tissue specialized to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy |
| What are muscle's functions? (5) | • Function in locomotion, digestion, cardiovascular system, respiration, sensory... |
| What are muscles filled with to make them contract? | • Muscles, called fibres, have specialized to be filled with actin and myosin and function to contract |
| What are the 2 types of muscle systems? | Voluntary (conscious control) Involuntary (controlled by ANS) |
| What are the 3 types of muscle? Which are voluntary and which are involuntary? | • Smooth (involuntary, organs) • Cardiac (involuntary) • Skeletal or striated (voluntary, movement) |
| what are the muscle's cells called? | muscle fibres |
| Is smooth muscle voluntary? Is it striated? How fast are the contractions and how long do they last? What are the 2 layers? | • Involuntary • No striations • Contracts slowly, longer lasting • 2 layers : longitudinal and circular around tubes |
| What does cardiac muscle do? (2) | • Circulatory system engine: • Moves blood through arteries, capillaries and veins. |
| How does cardiac muscle show both characteristics of skeletal and smooth muscle? | • Like smooth muscle, cardiac fibres are under involuntary control, and have powerful contractions. • Like skeletal muscle, it is striated with parallel arranged actin and myosin bundles. |
| What are intercalated disks for? what does this allow? | communication of chemicals and stuff, allows for cardiac muscle to act on its own |
| What is striated muscle used for? Where is it attached and how does it act there? | • Use for locomotion, under voluntary control • Attached to bone, acts in opposition or pivot. |
| Why is it striated? | • Arrangement of actin and myosin give it a striated or striped appearance. |
| What does resistance training increase in terms of muscles? | • Resistance training can increase size of muscle fibres, but not number. |
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