7956243
Description
Flashcards by Aoibhe Casey, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Aoibhe Casey
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Source of a river | where the river rises |
| Tributary | a small stream that joins the main river |
| Confluence | the point where the tributary joins the main river |
| River basin | the total area drained by the river and its tributaries |
| Watershed | high piece of ground that separates two river basins |
| river mouth | where the river reaches the sea |
| river estuary | the part of the river that is tidal |
| Hydraulic action | force of the water |
| abrasion | force of the rivers load |
| attrition | the rivers load itself is worn down, rounded and smoothened |
| Solution | chemical erosion of soluble rocks like limestone |
| Eddying | swirling action within the water ( whirlpool effect ) |
| Differential erosion | different rock types are eroded at different rates |
| Waterfall | a sudden sharp drop in the river bed causing the river to cascade over the edge |
| Levee | Wide, low ridges of sediment deposited on river banks that prevent flooding |
| River's competence | ability to carry its load |
| Alluvium | fine sand and silt |
| Floodplain | land flooded by river |
| Dams | barriers built across streams and rivers that control and monitor the flow of water |
| Reservoir | artificial lake that forms behind dams |
| Channelisation | shape, slope,width and depth of river has been altered ( Flood control ) |
| Dredging | river bed is dug up to allow greater volume of water |
| Beach Nourishment | taking sand from elsewhere and putting it onto the beach |
| Groynes | Man made structures on beaches that prevent longshore drift |
| Population distribution | spread of a population across a region or country ( usually unevenly distributed ) |
| Population density | the average number of people per square kilometre in a region ( pop/no. of km sq. ) |
| Natural increase | birth rates are higher than death rates |
| Natural decrease | death rates are higher than birth rates |
| Fertility rate | te average number of children per mother in a country |
| Life expectancy | the average age a person is expected to live to in a country |
| Population pyramids | show population structure, allowing us to see the characterisation of the population, proportion of males to females etc. used for planning |
| The dependancy ratio | under 16 + over 65 / productive population |
| mortality rate | number of deaths per 1000 of the population |
| Overpopulation | when the number of people in a region is too much to be supported by the available natural resources |
| underpopulation | when very few people live in a region to exploit its resources |
| Optimal population | number of people who can have a high standard of living in a region using the resources available there |
| Harris and Ullman's Multiple Nuclei Theory | describes and explains the pattern of urban land use in cities by identifying areas of different land use zones and social stratification |
| Social Stratification | division of people into classes based on death and status |
| gentrification | making an area attractive again / Dublin docklands a vibrant centre |
| CBD | Central Business District |
| DDDA | Dublin Docklands Development Authority |
| Urban Renewal | solution to urban decay / making an area more attractive influx of affluent people and businesses to deteriorating area |
| Urban Decay | when an area of a city is in decline ( usually happens in centre ) |
| Urban Sprawl | uncontrolled growth of the city outwards caused by rapid population growth eg. into countryside /hinterland |
| greenbelts | areas around cities where development is limited to reduce urban sprawl |
| Site (Settlement patterns) | the site of a settlement refers to the land on which te settlement is built |
| Situation (settlement patterns) | its location in relate to the landscape around it |
| Migration | movement of people from one place to another |
| nucleated settlement | houses clustered together |
| Linear / Ribbon settlement | housing along roadways |
| Counter-Urbanisation | large numbers of people move from urban areas to rural areas |
| Middens | rubbish piles from the stone/neolithic age 6000BC |
| central place theory | explains size and distribution of urban areas in a region. Large number of villages/small towns and small number of cities/ large towns |
| Central place | urban centre that provides services from people living there and hinterland |
| Hinterland | area surrounding a city/ town i.e central place that avails of its resources ( ideally hexagonal ) |
| range ( central place theory ) | the distance a person is willing to travel to get a good/service ( low/medium/high ) |
| religion | a belief system and set of practices that recognise the existence of a power higher than humans |
| Culture | the language, religious beliefs and way of life of a group of people at a particular time customs, traditions, music,art,festivals,technology,inventions |
| Language | principal means of communication |
| Acculturation | culture of a dominant group is adopted by the lesser cultural group eg. English is used worldwide |
| Minority languages | at risk of dying out |
| Race | physical characteristics of a person skin colour, height, hair type, physique |
| Multi - Racial Societies | formed due to migration and colonisation |
| Lithosphere | crust and upper part of mantle |
| Asthenosphere | region below lithosphere, plates can float and slide on it as it is partially melted rock |
| Plate tectonics | the movement of plates on the earths surface |
| Theory of Continental Drift | suggests plates have not always been in their present position, suggests movement and drifting of plates |
| Pangaea | supercontinent made up of all the continents |
| continental fit | coasts of continents can fit like a jigsaw |
| Sea-floor Spreading | ocean floors widening, new rock being formed at plate boundaries |
| Convection currents | molten magma rises, cools and sinks and is reheated in a continuous pattern which causes friction with the plates causing them to move |
| Rift Valley | plates separating on continent crust |
| Plate boundaries (name) | Divergent Transform Convergent |
| Subduction | the heavier plate (oceanic) slides under the other and is destroyed |
| Intrusive landforms | underground volcanic features, plutons |
| Foreshock | small tremor and shocks before a major earthquake |
| aftershocks | smaller earthquakes and shocks that follow after the main one can last weeks |
| Focus | place beneath earths surface where energy is released |
| epicentre | directly above the focus where tremors first reach the surface |
| tsunami | submarine earthquakes that create tidal waves |
| seismology | study of earthquakes |
| earthquake | a sudden movement or shaking of the earths crust that releases energy in the form of seismic waves |
| seismic waves | built up energy is released from rocks under enormous pressure that slip, races through crust giving off a series of shocks called tremors |
| seismologist | scientist that studies earthquakes |
| seismograph | instrument used to detect, measure and record seismic waves |
| Richter scale | a scientific scale that determines the magnitude of an earthquake 0-10 |
| mercalli scale | non scientific, eye witness based scale of earthquake |
| USGS | monitoring earthquakes in USA and Worldwide |
| Dendrochronology in terms of earthquakes | warped tree rings show patterns of earthquakes |
| Socio-economic factors | human factors |
| Geothermal energy | renewable, clean, affordable energy in areas with volcanic activity |
| soil liquefaction | clays and sand mix with groundwater turning the ground to a quicksand like material |
| Rocks | hard naturally occurring material that makes up the earths crust vary in colour, texture, hardness, age and mineral content |
| Igneous | formed when molten rock cools and hardens either deep within the crust or on the earths surface |
| Sedimentary | formed from sediments which were compressed and compacted into layers |
| Metamorphic | sedimentary or igneous rock that was changes due to great heat or pressure created by compression or collision process: METAMORPHISM |
| Lithification | process that converts layers into solid rock over millions of years through compactor and cementation |
| Joints in limestone | vertical fractures |
| bedding planes | horizontal fractures |
| permeable rock | allows water to pass through |
| carbonation | chemical weathering weak carbonic acid reacts with calcium carbonate and dissolves it |
| limestone pavement | surface feature clints and grikes |
| karren | hollows in the clints |
| swallow hole | point at which a stream disappears underground |
| stalactite | form of roofs of caves, specks of calcite |
| stalagmite | form of floors of caves from drops of water which evaporate leaving a speck of calcite (usually bigger) |
| pillars | stalactite and stalagmite join |
| spring | when a stream reemerges from underground |
| Karst landscape | limestone Burren, Co.Clare |
| Physical weathering | physical breakdown of rock freeze-thaw action exfoliation |
| Onion Weathering | strips off outer layer of rock, rapid heating and cooling of rock |
| chemical weathering | decomposition of rock due to the way its minerals react to water and the atmosphere Carbonation Hydrolysis |
| Region | an area of the earths surface that has one or more characteristics that distinguish it from other areas. Physical Socio-Economic |
| GDA | Greater Dublin Area |
| BMW | Border Midlands West |
| Conurbations | caused by urban sprawl towns and cities join together in large urban regions |
| nodal points | centre of a transport system |
| C.A.P | Common Agricultural Policy |
| Hedge payments | money given per head of livestock |
| Pastoral Farming | animals |
| Arable / Tillage Farming | plants / crops |
| Extensive farming | not using the land to the best of its ability |
| intensive farming | using the land to the best of its ability |
| Marginal land | little or of no use |
| subsistent | producing enough to live off |
| commercial farming | growing / producing crops to sell |
| Mixed farming | arable and pastoral |
| monoculture | growing one particular crop over and over |
| draft animals | animals working on a farm |
| cash crops | poorer farmers grow to sell and make money |
| Horticulture | market gardening |
| ''Pays" | a key characteristic of the paris basin region is that different areas known as 'pays' specialise in different forms of intensive farming due to climate/soil type/landscape |
| Viticulture | wine making |
| E.R.D.F | European regional development fund |
| Cassa plan | development plan in Italy replaced by ERDF in 1984 |
| Terra Rossa Soils | red/ weathered limestone vines and olives |
| Flemish | language spoken in Flanders |
| Wallonia | region of Belgium that speaks French |
| Monsoon climate | very wet in June - September very dry October - May |
| caste system | social stratification in India lower caste - Dhalits upper caste - Brahmins |
| Double cropping | distinct wet and dry season allows 2 crops to be grown rice - wet wheat/barley/peas - dry |
| Deccan Plateau | region in India Black soils - known for cotton production |
| Kashmir | region of religious conflict and a disputed border |
| Hinduism | main religion of India - Hindu / Ganges river |
| shanty towns Bastis | urban sprawl leads to the development of these slum dwellings with makeshift houses/ no access to clean water |
| Geomorphological region | a region that is defined by its landscape and the forces and processes that have shaped it |
| Oblique Photos | horizon can be seen low oblique- taken at low angle horizon cannot be seen |
| Ecclesiastical function | religious function |
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