8461880
Description
Flashcards by aayet fatima, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by aayet fatima
almost 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| MINERALS? | inorganic natural substances |
| HOW ARE MINERALS FORMED? | magma cools pressure changes evaporation of mineral-rich fluids volcanic rocks broken down |
| MINING PROCESSES | 1. Open-cast mining 2. under-ground mining |
| OPEN-CAST MINING | scooping minerals near the surface giant excavators used and power showels |
| UNDER-GROUND MINING | 1. adit mining 2. shaft mining |
| ADIT MINING | in hilly districts - making a pasage where minral stream is exposed on hill side e.g Sor coal field in Quetta |
| SHAFT MINING | vertical shafts dug down -tunnels dug horizontly - expensive & dangerous |
| METALLIC MINERALS | - one of the mankind's most highly prized possessions - mostly found in ores instead of pure cut or blasted..ore is crushed these aremade out of metal compound or resemble metal - e.g iron ore, copper, bauxite, |
| NON- METALLIC MINERALS | -ex. gypsum, rock salt, marble, clay, limestone - |
| DIFFERENCES B/W METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC METALS | metallic minerals are more valuable they are harder, tougher, and shinier -unlike nm they change shapes without breaking can be stretched or compressed are good thermal n electric conductors more reactive with water n acid |
| PROBLEMS FOR MINING INDUSTRY IN PAK | financial constraints lack of technical knowledge inaccessible mineral deposits institutional mismanagement lack of experts low priority given to mineral extraction |
| USES OF ROCK SALT | used for cooking and preservative purposes manufacturing of soda ash bicarbonate of soda, caustic soda..etc |
| USES OF BRINE | chemical and fertilizer industry |
| USES OF LIMESTONE | manufacturing of cement, bleaching powders, glass, soap paper, paints and lime alcohal fuel, counter pests n termite attacks aerate soil n salinity |
| USES OF COAL | brick kilns, make cokes n coal briquettes power generation |
| USES OF MINERAL FUEL | power source lubricant motor fuel |
| USES OF GYPSUM | manufacture of paints, fertilizers cement n plaster of paris spread on land for reclaimation |
| USES OF MARBLE | used in buildings, making chip for flooring decorative pieces |
| USES OF CLAY | CHINA clay: ceramic industry FIRE clay: |
| USES OF MAGNETITE | cement, fertilizer, rayon, paper pulp, chemicals and pharmaceuticals |
| USES OF SULPHUR | sulphuric acid, paints, explosive material, dyes, rayon n fertilizers |
| EFFECTS OF MINING | Vegetation cut, construction deforms landscape, noise pollution due to blasting, depressions made flooded by rain, bad effect on health on miners, land pollution by mining waste..water pollution.. Air pollution |
| PROTECTION FROM MINING HAZARDS | 1. should be done on scientific lines 2. Special precautions 3. Fill depressions 4. Waste to be treated properly 5. Trees planted..clean water supply 6. Facilities for miners 7. Afforestation program |
| SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FOR MINING | govt to consider sustainablity in policies application of science and technology mining should be strictly checked |
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