Sport and Society - Industrial and post-industrial

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A level Physical Education (PE) Flashcards on Sport and Society - Industrial and post-industrial, created by Bev Smith on 04/05/2017.
Bev Smith
Flashcards by Bev Smith, updated more than 1 year ago
Bev Smith
Created by Bev Smith over 7 years ago
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Sport and Society - Industrial and post-industrial 1780-1900
Industrial revolution (1780–1840) Changes to society: Working class/peasants moved to towns for jobs Urbanisation Factory work replacing ‘crafts’ Poor working conditions – 12 hours per day, 6 days per week – Sundays for church Limits to leisure – lack of time, income, space
Separate sports - lower classes Mob football Everybody Physical/violent Males only Few (unwritten) rules Violent Little (no) equipment Force based
Separate sports - Upper class Real tennis Exclusive Delicate/refined Males only Written rules Moral code Specialist equipment Skill based
Exclusivity Middle classes kept working classes away from ‘their’ sports Society segregated classes Working classes better (fitter) than middle classes Exclusions to club membership Only for ‘amateurs’ Gentleman amateur Exception – football – rise of professionalism
Separate sports- lower class events Much Wenlock Olympic Games ‘Festival occasion’ Rural Athletic events – running, hurdles, football and cycling Prizes awarded by upper-class patrons for lower-class participants
Separate sports - Upper class events Athletics ‘Pedestrianism’ ‘Footmen’ competed Gentry gambled Success increased social status of upper classes Became patrons
Rise of a middle class People below aristocracy but above working classes Made money during industrialisation – factory owners, local government, doctors Wanted society based on merit Led the way in reforming education, local government, welfare of the poor, etc.
Characteristics of rational recreation Regular participation Complex written rules – highly structured Spectating and participating Skill-based not force-based Developed by middle classes for middle classes – respectable Regionally and nationally based Complex equipment/facilities/referees
Industrial revolution 1750–1850: time when agrarian, rural societies became industrial and urban.
Initial negative effects of Industrial Revolution Loss of space for mob sports Lack of time/income to play Poor health Lack of rights Lack of public provision
Industrial revolution - later positive effects Health and hygiene improved More time/wages for recreation Middle classes/ex-public schools – morals Industrial patronage Improved transport and communications
Urbanisation Migration to towns/cities for work: Lack of time/money/space for popular recreations Needed other ‘pastimes’ (not drinking/gambling) Lack of space – purpose-built facilities ‘Spectatorism’ – watch local team
Transport and communication Trains/railways made travel easier/cheaper Spectators went to regular fixtures Countryside opened up National/regional competitions, e.g. FA cup Society more literate – newspapers/results/information Sporting role models.
British Empire Public schoolboys – educated to lead ‘Games ethic’ – sport for morality Taught sporting values throughout Empire Set up teams/competitions Clergy – missionaries – church teams Officers in army to soldiers Formed NGBs.
Provision through factories Needed healthy/disciplined workforce (social control) Increased production Philanthropic attitude Provided space to play Set up teams Increased wages/broken time payments Increased leisure time/works outings/excursions to seaside/countryside.
Churches and Local authorities Church promoted sport – social control Church facilities became venues Church groups established – Boys Brigade, Scouts, YMCA Encouraged teams to form – Aston Villa/Everton Local authorities provided public facilities – wash houses/baths/swimming pools.
Three-tier class system Emerging middle class Development of rules – codification – public schools and facilities – philanthropists/government acts Formed NGBs – controlled sport Strong moral code/etiquette/sportsmanship Helped development of early professional sport – factory owners/broken time payments New sports, e.g. lawn tennis Amateurism – had time/money to play
Formation of NGBs Many formed between 1850–1880 For example, FA, RFU Organised rules/fixtures/competitions Maintained ‘amateur ideal’/limited professionalism and early commercialisation Kept control of sport to middle/upper classes Excluded working classes from joining in and possibly beating them!
Changing role of women Early sports (football) male dominated Growth in female football during WW1 (1914–18) 1921: 150 teams, mainly in North and Midlands 1930s: Depression – interest declined 1969: WFA formed 2002: Most popular sport for women
Amateur vs professional Middle class ‘gentleman amateur’: Had time/money to play for fun Working class professional: Employed to play/payment by results Early patronage Commercialisation – more sports – rugby league, boxing Few ‘open’ sports remain
Characteristics of sport - pre-industrial Class divisions – mob football Physical/violent Males only Few (unwritten) rules Violent Little (no) equipment Force based
Characteristics of sport - post industrial Class divisions – Association football Exclusivity/NGBs Regular fixtures Spectatorism Written rules Skill based Commercialised/professionals
Summary Changes to pre-industrial society led to changes in sports: rural to urban; playing to spectating; violent and occasional to rational. Changes linked to public schools and other factors: transport; urbanisation; churches; British Empire; factories; middle classes; etc.
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