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| Question | Answer |
| What were the basis of the first personalities theories? | Inbalance of bodily fluids |
| What is a popular measure for personnel selection? | Myers-Briggs Type Indicator |
| What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator involve? | Answering out of which two worlds is more appealing |
| What is Myers-Briggs Type Indicator based on? | Jung typology |
| What are the Jugian types? | Extroverted-Introverted, Thinking-feeling, sensing-intuition |
| What are the classifications of the Myers-Briggs scale, and which types do they reflect? | Favourite world (extroversion), information (sensing), decisions (thinking), and structure (judging-perceiving). |
| Who argued personality type is related to body type? | Sheldon (1954) |
| According to Sheldon, an ectomorph is... | Focus on nervous system and brain, physique is light bonded with slight musculature, temperament; need for privacy, restrained, inhibit. |
| According to Sheldon a mesomorph is... | Focus on musculature and circulatory system. Physique, large, bony, well-defined musulative. Temperament, physically assertive, competitive, keen on physical activity. |
| According to Sheldon an Endomorph is... | Focus on digestive system, physique is round body tending toward fatness. Temperament, associated with a love of relaxation and comfort, and sociable. |
| What is the main problem with Sheldon's somatotypes theory? | Doesn't stand up to critque |
| Who created the type a and b personality? | Friedman and Rosenman (1974) |
| What are characteristics of a type a personality? | Impatient, competitive, aggressive, try to control |
| What is a type b personality? | Easy going, mild manners, less hostile |
| What has been found regarding heart attacks and type a/b personalities? | Type A are twice as likely to have heart attacks, but if survive, more likely to recover |
| Who identified the Type D personality? | Denollet |
| What is the type D personality? | Distressed, negative affectivity (worry, irritability, gloom), social inhibition (reticence, lack of self-assurance) |
| Regarding heart attacks, what was found with type D personality? | Four times more likely not to survive. |
| Denollet (2005) found type D was related to which illnesses? | Conoray heart disease, hypertension |
| What are the problems with type tests? | Strong theories, limited evidence. People don't seemingly fall neatly into categories, link between theories and tests poorly supported, a lot of variability not explained |
| How did Alder (1979) disagree with Freud's theory? | Disagreed with negative view of human motivation, he perceived a more unity of personality over competing structures |
| What did Alder (1979) stress the importance of? | Social context on personality development and functioning of individual |
| Jung suggested the mind and body constituted a single entity, but what happened with any social inferiority? | It would bring some sort of compensation |
| Alder argued we all strive for superiority, starting from, when? | Birth |
| What did Alder (1979) suggest about feelings of inferiority? | They allow us to sympathize with others. If get too caught up in them become defensive, develop inferiority complex or masculine protest (acting superior to compensate) |
| What is the (Alder) telcology approach? | Opposite if deterministic approach, how we address our inferiority feelings determines our style of life attitude, which guides all behaviour. |
| According to Alder, to understand a person, you need to understand what? | Their goals in life |
| According to Alder, who has a critical role in personality development? | Parents |
| Jung explained mental illness arose from what? | One sided development in psyche |
| What is the strength of Jung's approach? | Persona part is useful |
| What is the weaknesses of Jung regarding description? | Nothing on development, and descriptions of behaviour given is complex |
| According to Alder, what are the three basic concerns what we all have and address in life? | Work, friendship, and love. |
| What are the problems with Jung's theory regarding explanation? | As behaviour gets more complex there is an increase in lacking explanation. Concept of shadow, difficult to say why with psyche |
| What is the weakness of Jung's approach regarding empirical validity? | Hard to test theory |
| According to Alder, how is the mother's role crucial? | If child loved and wanted, mother focus on teaching social skills. If not, push for child to be ahead of others (latter likely to develop inferiority complex in child) |
| What are Rotter's locus of control? | Internal, belief of control of outcomes. External, belief of no control of outcomes |
| Who found external locus related with mental illness and anxiety? | Lefcourt (1992) |
| In Alder's theory, what is the father's role? | To be a good role model of a worthwhile human being. Must treat wife as equal and cooperate with her, and vice-versa. |
| Who found internal locus is related to better educational success? | Martinez (1994) |
| How is birth order important? | Each new addition treated differently due to experience and it changes relationships |
| Who found continuied failure leads to external locus? | Bender (1995) |
| What is Alder's neurotic personality? | Very acutely feel their inferiority and try to compensate with varied success. Very inaccurate with self-evaluations, always tense and fearful in situations where failure is possible. |
| According to Alder, what is key to healthy development? | Social interest (community feeling) |
| Who said there is no such thing of personality if it is purely defined by trait and state measures? | Mischel (2004) |
| What were Alder's personality types? | Ruling type, avoiding type, getting type, socially useful. |
| What is Alder's ruling type? | Lack social interest, strive for personal superiority, manipulative |
| What is Alder's avoiding type? | Lack confidence to solve their own problems |
| What is Alder's getting type? | Relatively passive, little effort to solve problems, charm others to solve their problems |
| What is Alder's socially useful? | Face life confidently, positive social interest |
| What is the strengths of Alder's theory? | Good description of personality development, normal and abnormal behavior, easy to follow, useful explanations for common phenomena, has empirical evidence |
| What are the weaknesses of Alder's theory? | Explanations of development + psychopathology not detailed, unlikely social interest is sole motivator, imprecise generlisation of constructs, good role model not explained |
| What empirical evidence for Alder's theory is there? | Social interest, birth order (some extent) relationship between early recollection and individuals' conceptions of self. |
| Who found a relationship with current interpersonal behaviour, emotionally and perceived control? | Watkins (1992) |
| What is Jung's (1956) psyche? | A complex network of competing forces and development aims to balance these |
| What is Jung (1956) based upon, but how does it differ from it? | Freud ideology, but claimed psychic energy was broader than aggressive and sexual cues |
| Jung (1956) believed personality development occurs, when? | Throughout a person's whole life |
| What is Telology in Jung, and what role did it have? | Focus on future goal, past and with telology influence behaviour |
| What was the end point of development in Jung (1956)? | Self-realization |
| According to Jung (1956), what do we aim to achieve? | Our own unique nature |
| According to Jung (1956), what happens when we have acceptance of self? And when can this only occur | Inner peace, only later in life after a lot of life experience. |
| What are the principles of equivalence and entropy in Jung's theory? | Equivalence, if activity increases in one part of psyche, decreases in another. Entropy, drive to balance energies so we can show ourselves through behaviour. |
| What are the main three structures of Jung's psyche? | Ego, personal unconscious, collective unconscious. |
| What is the ego in Jung's theory? | Unifying force |
| In Jung's psyche what is the personal unconscious? | Contains all our personal experiences which are blocked for being unacceptable in some way |
| In Jung's psyche what is the collective unconscious? | Deeper in psyche, innate, inherited instincts and universal symbols or themes beyond personal experience (archtypes) |
| What is a personality type? | Characteristic in which people can be assigned, are one or the other. |
| What is a personality trait? | Characteristic on which people differ, a scale |
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