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| Question | Answer |
| What are the problems with psychoanaylsis approach? | Theorists never keen to empirically test theory, central constructs can't be operationalised, central hypothesis empirically studied by not supported, no suitable paradigms to test it |
| What have been the positives of psychoanalysis? | Several concepts were successfully operationalized, empirically confirmed, and integrated into mainstream psychology. |
| What are some of Freud's concepts that are used in other areas? | Unconscious motives, transference, defence mechanisms, mental representation of early object relations |
| What does the behaviourist approach say personality results from? | Global learning mechanisms |
| What does radical behaviourism reject? | All mental, non-observable constructs. |
| According to behaviourism, what shapes personality and what has no role? | Environment shapes it, no heretiability |
| What did Watson (1930) believe? | If you gave him a child, he could turn them into anything. He admitted he was going beyond his findings |
| What is the strength of the behaviourism approach? | Belief personality can be indefinitely be shaped by appropriate environments is still current |
| What are the problems of behaviourism? | Newborns show individual differences, learning is personality dependent, some behaviours easier to lean than others, some are more easily explained by mental concepts |
| What does the information processing paradigm emphasize? | Role of individual differences in conscious and unconscious cognitive processes for personality traits |
| Evolutionary psychology understands behaviour as result of what? And how does individual differences arise? | Evolution, and arise due to different success in different enviroments |
| What is dynamic interactionism approach? | Environment influences personality and vice versa. Takes into account role genes |
| What does behavioural genetics methods assess? | Genetic heritability of personality |
| What methods does the behavioural genetics approach use? | Family, twin and adoption studies |
| Who found high correlations in big 5 scores in monozygotic twins then low in dizygotic? | Riemann et al. (1997) |
| Who found big differences in the similarities in twins that where monozygotic and dizygotic? | Loehlin (1989) |
| What are the three instances of psychoanalysis? | Id, ego, superego |
| Who created percentages for how heritable big 5 traits are? | Riemann et al. (1997) |
| In Eaves et al. (1989), Lehlin and Martin (2001), Waller (1999), and Jang et al. (1996) where the habitability rate of big 5 traits same or different? | Varied dramatically. Could have been due to cultural factors |
| Who found adopted children correlated more with biological parent on all scales than adoptive parents? | Loehlin et al. (1985) |
| Pedersen et al. (1988) and Hershberger et al. (1995) both found... | Correlations in monozygotic twins drops when reared apart over together, no effect in dyozygotic |
| What are the problems when estimating contributions of hertiability and environment; | Dominant/recessive genes, interactions between genes, shared and non-shared environments (assumption not always true), assortive mating (similarities) |
| According to psychoanalysis, what are the two mechanisms responsible for character formation and individual differences? | Fixation in psychosexual development, mechanisms of defense |
| What were the two dimensions of Asendorps and Scherer (1983)? | Social desirability and anxiety |
| What are the various types in Asendorps and Scherer (1983) regarding different levels of the dimensions? | Low in both is low anxious, low in anxiety +high social desirability is the represser, high in a low in sd is high anxious, high in both is defensive anxious |
| What did Asendorps and Scherer (1983) involve? | Participants did an association task with taboo words, mimics and physiology was monitored, and did questions using social desirability and anxiousness questionaires |
| What were the results of Asendrops and Scherer (1983)? | Repressers negative verbal mimics, low ancious negative mimics and heartrate, high anxious positive vernal and mimic |
| What are the assumptions of psychoanalysis? | Concept of psychic energy, deterministic, energy provided by sex/aggression instinct, Motive of behaviour is unconcious, expereince and behaviour result of conflict of instances |
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