UNDERSTANDING CRIME AND CRIMINOLOGY

1. Medico-legal science
   1. Psychiatry and psychology
2. History
3. Social reform movements
   1. Sociology
      1. Sociology of deviance and control
4. Legal theory

1. Study of crime
   1. Empirically-grounded
2. Study of those who commit crime
3. Study of criminal justice and penal systems

1. Process of law
2. Treatment
3. Prevention of crime

1. David Garland
   1. 'A specific genre of discourse and inquiry about crime'
2. Garland
   1. 'Governamental project'
   2. 'Lombrosian project'
3. Lacey
   1. Crime as a social phenomenon
4. Sutherland
   1. 'The study of making of laws, breaking of laws and society reaction to the breaking of laws'
5. CRITIQUE
   1. Hillary and Tombs
      1. 'Crime excludes many serious harms'
      2. 'Crime has no ontological reality'
      3. 'Criminology perpetuates the myth of crime'
      4. 'Crime consists of many petty events'

1. HIGHLY POLICY-ORIENTED

Annotations:

• Crime as a social construct

1. HISTORICAL VARIATION
   1. GLOBALISATION
   2. USA
      1. NATIONAL PROHIBITION ACT
         1. MANUFACTURE
         2. SALE
            1. ALCOHOL (1919-1933)
   3. BRITAIN
      1. 1960s "PERMISSIVE AGE"
      2. SMOKE IN PUBS (2004)
      3. ABORTION ACT (1967)
      4. SEXUAL OFFENCES (1967)
      5. OPIUM ILLEGAL
   4. UNIVERSAL VALUES
   5. WHAT IS CRIME?
      1. NO INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS
         1. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
            1. "WAR CRIMINALS"
               1. MACHINERY OF JUSTICE
                  1. PRIVATE CORPORATIONS
2. EDWIN SHUR
   1. Observe the criminal law
   2. He and sociologist
      1. Labelling theory
         1. Roots of labelling theory = social constructionism
            1. Labelling acts= criminalisation
3. NILS CHRISTIE
   1. Crime does not exist. Only act exist

1. Medicine subject
2. Association of scientific treatment of criminals
3. British journal of criminology
4. British society of criminology
5. Scientific group for the discussion of delinquent problema

1. CRIME
   1. Taken-for-granted meaningfulness
      1. Same use of the term
   2. Acts = crimes vs Acts ≠ crimes
      1. Difficult differentiation
         1. Example: Spanner case
            1. Sadomasochistic activities with consent
               1. Consent or assault?
                  1. The judgement
                     1. Lasting injuries = crime
2. CRIME AND THE CRIMINAL LAW
   1. Prosecution and punishment in a court
   2. ZEDNER
      1. Crime: criminal and a civil wrong simultaneously
      2. If there were no criminal law, there would be no crime
         1. Sanction
   3. Criminal justice agencies
      1. Act in violation
         1. Committed without defence
         2. Penalized by the State
            1. Felony
         3. Offender
            1. No presumption
               1. Guilty
   4. Characteristic of crime
      1. Behaviour which is prohibited
         1. Punishmment
      2. Act as a social harmful
   5. White-collar crime
      1. Other forms of puishment