OPERATIONALIZING LEARNING PRINCIPLES:
Focused on memory, transfer, motivation
and other factors important in learning.
AUDIOLINGUALISM:
learning could be
successfully managed
three elements: a
stimulus, a response,
and reinforcement.
TASK-BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING:
classroom tasks which apply
negotiation of meaning should form
the basis of the language teaching
curriculum, to facilitate practice of
language forms and communicative
functions. Type of tasks:
information-gap tasks, opinion-gap
tasks, and reasoning-gap tasks.
LEARNING TRAINING:
Emphasis on on the
cognitive styles and
learning strategies used by
learners in carrying out
different classroom
learning tasks.
FOLLOWING A TESTED MODEL:
training model was developed in
which teachers were taught the
differences between display
questions (those for which
answers are known in advance)
and referential questions (those
for which answers are not known)
and the advantages of providing
longer wait-time after questions.
DOING WHAT EFFECTIVE TEACHERS DO:
This involves identifying effective
teachers and then studying their
teaching practices. Effective teachers are
typically defined as those whose
students perform better on standardized
achievement tests.
Theory- philosophy
conceptions
Theory-based approaches:
the theory emphasizing the
method is determined
through the use of reason
or rational thought.
Communicative Language Teaching:
Is an attempt to operationalize the
concept of communicative competence
and to apply it across all levels of
language program design, from theory,
to syllabus design, to teaching
techniques.
Silent Way: It is based on
a set of requirements and
beliefs as to how learning
takes place in adults. It is
a self-evident
Values based Approaches: It is a theory of
teaching to develop a teaching model
from the values one holds about teachers,
learners, classrooms, and the role of
education in society some examples
“team teaching,” “humanistic
approaches,” the “learner-centered
curriculum” movement, and “reflective
teaching.”
Understand the theory and the principles.
Select syllabi, materials, and tasks based
on the theory. Monitor your teaching to
see that it conforms to the theory
Art-Craft Conceptions:
Explore to develop teaching as a
unique set of personal skills which
teachers apply in different ways
according to the demands of
specific situations. There are no
general methods of teaching;
rather, teachers should develop an
approach to teaching which allows
them to be themselves and do what
they feel is best.
Treat each teaching situation as
unique. Identify the particular
characteristics of each situation. Try
out different teaching strategies.
Develop personal approaches to
teaching.