Biology

Annotations:

• Biology

1. Plants
   1. Respiration
      1. Gas exchange
         1. Stomata
            1. Guard cells
               1. More on the bottom of the leaf than on the top
                  1. Helps stop evaporation of water
   2. Photosynthesis
      1. 6CO2+6H20-->C6H12O6+6O2
         1. Glucose is created with oxygen as a bi-product
   3. Tropism
      1. Geotropism
         1. Positive geotropism

            Annotations:

            • Positive geotropism is when a plant moves towards gravity in search of soil 
         2. Negative geotropism

            Annotations:

            • Negative geotropism is when a plant shoot grows away from gravity in search of the surface and light.
      2. Phototropism
         1. Positive phototropism

            Annotations:

            • Positive phototropism is when a plant senses light, releases the growth hormone auxin (down the opposite side that the light is shining on) to make one side of the plant grow faster, and as a result, move towards the light.  
         2. Negative phototropism

            Annotations:

            • Negative phototropism is when a plant's roots grow away from light in hope of reaching soil. 
      3. Hydrotropism
         1. Positive hydrotropism

            Annotations:

            • Hydrotropism is when the plant's roots sense water and move towards it.
         2. Negative Hydrotropism

            Annotations:

            • Negative hydrotropism is when a plant moves away from water to avoid being drowned
2. Diffusion

   Annotations:

   • Diffusion is the net movement of gasses and liquids from and area with a higher concentration of themselves, to an area with a lower concentration of themselves. This is also done through semi-permeable membranes. 
   1. Osmosis

      Annotations:

      • Osmosis is the net movement of water from an area with a higher concentration of itself, to an area of lower concentration of itself through a semi-permeable membrane
   2. Gas exchange

      Annotations:

      • Gas exchange is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through a semi permeable membrane. This happens in the lungs in larger animals.
3. The kidneys
   1. Nephrons
      1. Collecting duct
      2. First coiled tubule
      3. Second coiled tubule
      4. Loop of Henle
      5. Bowman's capsule

         Annotations:

         • The bowman's capsule is a hollow capsule that encircles the glomerulus to provide it with a large surface area for ultrafiltration
      6. Glomerulus
   2. Medulla in pyramid formations
   3. Renal artery
   4. Renal vein
   5. Ultrafiltration

      Annotations:

      • Ultrafiltration happens in the nephrons when certain substances, including glucose, water and small ions are pushed through a semi-permeable membrane under high pressure. 
   6. ADH

      Annotations:

      • Anti diuretic hormone
      1. Pituitary gland

         Annotations:

         • ADH is produced in the pituitary gland
      2. Hypothalamus

         Annotations:

         • The hypothalamus senses if the blood is highly concentrated or if the blood is not very concentrated.