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12876940
Lipids
Description
Things you need to know, or want to know, both of which will be covered in exams, on lipids.
No tags specified
biochemistry
biology
chemistry
biochemistry
Mind Map by
Keenan Flynn
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Keenan Flynn
over 6 years ago
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Resource summary
Lipids
Types of Lipids
Triacylglycerols
Glycerol fundamental unit
Prochiral
Three fatty acid chains
Phospholipids
Two fatty acids
Head group with phosphate (phosphatidyl)
Phosphatidic acid: X=H
X=Ethanolamine: p-tidylethanolamine
-choline: X=choline
-serine: X=serine
-glycerol: X=glycerol
X= myo-Inositol 4,5-bisphosphate--PIP2
X=phosphatidylglycerol: Cardiolipin
Sphingolipids
Fatty acid
Sphingosine
Head group
Ceramide: X=H
Sphingomyelin: X=phosphocholine
Glycosphingolipids
Globoside: X=simple oligosaccharide
Ganglioside: X= complex oligosaccharide
Sterols
Four fused carbon rings
Primary animal tissue component: cholesterol
Amphipathic
Derivative: bile acids
Functions of lipids
Storage of Energy
Higher reduction potential
No need for osmotic control
Degraded by lipases
Signals and cofactors
Platelet-activating factor--ether lipid triggering platelet aggregation
Blood type determinants
Eicosanoids
Used in inflammatory responses
Primary eicosanoid: Arachidonate/arachidonic acid
Prostaglandins
Annotations:
Five-carbon ring; derived from prostate gland; stimulate muscle contraction or wake-sleep cycle/responsiveness.
Thromboxanes
Annotations:
Ether-containing six-membered ring; produced by platelets
Leukotrienes
Annotations:
Three conjugated double-bonds; potent biological signals (e.g. too much of this causes asthma)
Lipoxins
Annotations:
Lots of hydroxyl groups present along the chain; anti-inflammatory agents stimulated by low doses of aspirin
Synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes catalyzed by cyclooxygenase-2
NSAIDs inhibit COX-2 and formation of the connected acids
Synthesized by Phospholipase A2
Hormones/message senders
Annotations:
Steroids lack the alkyl chain.
Structural integrity
Membranes
Vitamins
Vitamin E
Annotations:
Antioxidant
Tocopherols
Vitamin K1
Annotations:
Blood-clotting cofactor
Vitamin D
Converted to calcitriol by liver
Photochemically driven reaction
Vitamin A
Annotations:
All-trans-retinal
Synthesized from beta-carotene
reduced to retinol, oxidized to cis-retinal, one bond change permits vision
Enables vision
Lipids in action
PI response
Hormone binding
GTP-GDP exchange on Gqalpha
Gqalpha moves to and activates Phospholipase C
PIC cleaves Pip2 to IP3 and diacylglycerol
Dag anchors Protein kinase C
IP3 opens calcium channel
Ca ions further activate PkC
Cellular responses
Naming lipids
Delta= position of bonds
number of carbons:number of double bonds
e.g. 16:2
Omega-n acids, numbered from the last carbon
Greek names for number of carbons
Isoprene
Media attachments
Isoprene (binary/octet-stream)
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