SGroups - Culture and Group Dynamics part two

EAST MEETS WEST
1. FISKE ET AL - 1998 - refers to two cultural patterns, europe and america = west, east asia = east.
2. TRIANDIS - 1994 - "I am kind" (west), "my co-workers think I am kind" (east)
3. HOFSTEDE - 1980 - VALUES DIFFER BETWEEN CULTURES - 1. power distance. 2. uncertainty avoidance. 3. maculinity-femininity. 4. individualism - collectivism
4. TWO KIND OF SELF
  1. TRIANDIS - 1989 - cultures mainly vary in the extent of their focus on the self, individualistic vs. collectivist.
  2. MARKUS AND KITAYAMA - 1991 - WEST = independent. EAST = interdependent.
  3. FIJEMAN ET AL - 1996 - COLLECTIVIST cultures contribute to others and support them. INDIVIDUALISTIC cultures expect to contribute less to others.
  4. PROSOCIAL BEHAHIOUR - NADLER - 1986 - compared a collective farm with a city and found prosocial behaviour more likely to occur in rural areas than cities, as self-reliance and individual achievement is focused on in western cultures
  5. PERSONAL SPACE - cultures vary, westerners are more likely to stand further away than easterners
5. VIGNOLES ET AL - 2000 - self-distinctiveness may be universal, however there are different meanings dependent on culture.
  1. COLLECTIVIST CULTURES such as CHINA, people are employed on the basis of ties to current employees rather than traditional ways
6. No signle dimension, such as individualism and collectivism can explain the complex and varied cultures, the impact of RELIGION HAS BEEN NEGLECTED IN CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH despite its impact in international affairs.
7. CONTACT BETWEEN CULTURES - cultural groups come into contact with one another which should be enriching howevr, perceived threats might boil over into conflict. most intercultural contact does not last long enough to cause a change in attitudes / stereotypes.
  1. ETHNOCENTRISM - belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.
  2. difficulties with communication between cultures, may be seen as aggressive when those are the cultural norms.
  3. VAUGHAN - 1962 - the extent to which a culture is perceived as dissimilar to our own can affect intergroup contact. the more dissimilar a culture is seen to be, the more people want to distance themselves
    1. cultural variations in KINESICS, the linguistics of body communication.
from book
1. WUNDT- 1897 - social psychology is all about collective phenomena such as culture.
2. GARFINKEL - 1967 - social psychology is CULTURE BOUND and CULTURE BLIND. culture bound is theory and data conditioned by one specific cultural background. culture blind is when theory and data is untested outside the host culture.
3. HOFSTEDE - 2001 - culture is the set of cognitions and practices that identify a specific social group and distinguish it from others.
4. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH - fieldwork requiring immersion of the researcher in the everyday life of its people.
5. BARTLETT - 1923 - WAR OF THE GHOSTS folk tale and participants had to reconstruct it from memory. they found that the original story was constructed to bring it more into line with what they would remember easily, resulted in cultural transformation of the tale.
6. cross cultural psychology is the study of the interaction between cultures. cultural psychology focuses on how people extract meaning from their environment
  1. ULTIMATE ATTRIBUTION ERROR - to attribute bad outgroup and good ingroup behaviour internally and good outgroup and bad ingroup behaviour externally.
    1. FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR - another's behaviour more to internal than situational causes.
7. LEHMAN ET AL - 2004 - there are differences in thought processes between cultures. COLLECTIVIST cultures tend to be more holistic and relationship orientated whereas INDIVIDUALISTIC cultures tend to be more analytic and linear in their thinking
  1. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE - conflicting attitudes produces a feeling of discomfort
8. CONFORMITY TO GROUP PRESSURE - smith and bond - 1998 - ASCH'S is the most replicated social experiment of all time. found conformity was stronger outside western europe, which can be interpreted as indicating escape from embarrassment
  1. AGGRESSION - COHEN AND NISBETT - 1994 - greater violence is linked to the south of america due to the herding economy where they are more violent in order to protect their property.

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SGroups - Culture and Group Dynamics part two

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