Brain Trauma

Description

Mind Map on Brain Trauma, created by rania khalil on 27/09/2018.
rania khalil
Mind Map by rania khalil, updated more than 1 year ago
rania khalil
Created by rania khalil almost 6 years ago
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Resource summary

Brain Trauma
  1. Anatomy of the brain stem
    1. Physiology of the brain stem and consciousness
      1. Consciousness refers to different levels of awareness of one’s thoughts and feelings
        1. SLEEP
          1. REM sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles and dreaming
            1. NREM sleep. This stands for non-rapid eye movement and is the other type of sleep.
          2. Blood Supply
            1. Types of traumatic brain injury
              1. Clinical Presentation and radiology
                1. Glasgow Coma Scale
                  1. practical method to assess the impairment in the level of conscious in response to specific stimuli
                    1. It classifies traumatic brain injury (TBI) into:
                      1. Severe (3-8)
                        1. Moderate (9-13
                          1. Mild (14-15
                      2. Cushing Reflex
                        1. occurs in response to increase in the intracranial pressure.
                          1. It is a triad of hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular breathing (Apnea)
                            1. indicates that brain herniation and death is imminent, so it is an emergency situation
                        2. Managements
                          1. Pharmacology
                            1. General
                              1. Check the ABC’s. if necessary, begin rescue breathing and CPR
                                1. Stop any bleeding by firmly pressing a clean cloth on the wound. If blood soaks the cloth, place another cloth over it (don’t remove).
                                  1. adequate airway, breathing and circulation during the initial period of resuscitation and evaluation
                                    1. maintenance of balance between CDO2  (cerebral oxygen delivery ) and CMRO2 (cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen=cerebral oxygen consumption
                              2. Surgery
                                1. INDICATIONS A sudden (acute) subdural hematoma An ongoing (chronic) subdural hematoma Certain kinds of brain cancer Buildup of pus around the meninges  Hydrocephalus
                                  1. Complications Bleeding Infection Blood clots Brain injury Another surgery required
                            2. Complications
                              1. Contusion
                                1. -Localized injury
                                  1. -Macroscopic
                                    1. Changes in cognition such as alterations in personality, or reductions in intelligence.
                                      1. Difficulty understanding speech. Memory challenges
                                  2. Contusion: Seizures Increased ICP Cerebral herniation Loss of memory Infections—if followed by a skull fracture
                                  3. Concussion
                                    1. -Widespread injury
                                      1. -Microscopic
                                        1. Changes in behavior, attention, or memory. An intense headache, feeling of fullness, or pressure in the head. Loss of consciousness.
                                          1. Sleepiness, confusion, Dizziness. Ringing in your ears.
                                      2. Concussion: Epilepsy Post-concussion Syndrome Second-impact Syndrome Post-traumatic headaches and vertigo
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