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Plants: Uses, Form, and Function

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AQA AS Biology Unit 1 Molecule Structures (2015)
Raiyan Shahrear
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Julia Romanów
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Abdur Rehman Syed
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Raiyan Shahrear
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Plants: Uses, Form, and Function
  1. PLANTS AS A BIORESOURCE
    1. Photosunthesis
      1. Glucose: 1) C=O bond breaks 2) C5 loses H and bonds with O instead 3) Broken H bonds with C1
    2. TRANSPORTATION
      1. Passive Transport
        1. Goes along Concentration Gradient
          1. Diffusion
            1. Osmosis
          2. Xylem Transportation
            1. Root Pressure
              1. Positive Pressure
                1. Negative Pressure
                2. Cohesion Tension Model
                  1. Transpiration
                    1. Cohesion
                      1. Adhesion
                    2. Active Transport
                      1. Goes against concentation gradient
                      2. Phloem Transportation
                        1. Translocation
                          1. Source
                            1. Sink
                            2. Pressure Flow Model
                          2. PLANT BODY
                            1. Formed when 2 monosaccharides react e.g A Glucose + A Glucose = Maltose
                              1. Sucrose Maltose Lactose
                                1. Using water we can 'undo' the glycosidic bond and separate the sugar into 2 monosaccharides (hydrolisis)
                                  1. Reducing sugars
                                    1. Sucrose = glucose & fructose ( 1,4 glycosidic bond)
                                    2. The C1 OH & C4 HO react to form H20 and a C-0-C bond (glycosidic bond)
                                      1. Called 'condensation reaction'
                                  2. DICOTS
                                    1. vascular bundles arranged in stars
                                      1. palmate or pinnate
                                        1. presence of wood(secondary growth)
                                          1. taproot root system
                                            1. examples of dicots
                                            2. MONOCOTS
                                              1. vascular bundles arranged in rings
                                                1. parallel
                                                  1. parts of 3 or multiples of 3
                                                    1. no presence of wood
                                                      1. fibrous root system
                                                        1. examples of monocots
                                                        2. REPRODUCTION
                                                          1. Sexual Reproduction in Seed Plants
                                                            1. Alternation of Generations
                                                              1. Sexual Reproduction In Seed Plants
                                                                1. Sexual Reproduction In Angiosperms
                                                                  1. angiosperm anatomy
                                                                    1. sepal
                                                                      1. petals
                                                                        1. stamen
                                                                          1. pistil
                                                                            1. polar nuclei
                                                                              1. pollen grain
                                                                            2. Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms
                                                                            3. Asexual Reproduction
                                                                              1. Vegetative Prognation
                                                                                1. Artificial Prognation
                                                                              2. PLANT ORGANS
                                                                                1. Anatomy of roots
                                                                                  1. Root Caps
                                                                                    1. Cortex
                                                                                      1. Endodermis
                                                                                        1. Casparian Strip
                                                                                      2. Taproot
                                                                                        1. Fibrous Roots
                                                                                        2. Stems
                                                                                          1. Anatomy of leaves
                                                                                            1. Cuticle
                                                                                              1. Mesophyll
                                                                                                1. Palisade Mesophyll
                                                                                                  1. Spongy Mesophyll
                                                                                                2. SUCCESSION
                                                                                                  1. Heat new sample with HCL then neutralise with NaHCO3
                                                                                                    1. Heat with Benedict's reagent
                                                                                                      1. Goes green , yellow, orange, red or brown
                                                                                                        1. Non-reducing sugars present
                                                                                                        2. Stays blue
                                                                                                          1. No non-reducing sugars present
                                                                                                    2. RESPONSES TO EXTERNAL STIMULI
                                                                                                      1. Heat sample with benedict's reagent
                                                                                                        1. stays blue
                                                                                                          1. No reducing sugars present
                                                                                                          2. goes green, yellow, orange, red or brown
                                                                                                            1. Reducing sugars present
                                                                                                        2. PLANT HORMONES
                                                                                                          1. Stimulatory Hormones
                                                                                                            1. Cytokinins
                                                                                                              1. Gibberellins
                                                                                                                1. Auxins
                                                                                                                2. Inhibitory Hormones
                                                                                                                  1. Ethylene
                                                                                                                    1. Abscisic Acid
                                                                                                                  2. PLANT CELLS
                                                                                                                    1. Sclerenchyma Cells
                                                                                                                      1. Parenchyma Cells
                                                                                                                        1. Collenchyma Cells
                                                                                                                        2. PLANT TISSUES
                                                                                                                          1. Meristematic
                                                                                                                            1. embryonic tissues that can develop into specialized plant cells
                                                                                                                            2. Dermal
                                                                                                                              1. Outer covering of a plant
                                                                                                                                1. epidermis
                                                                                                                                  1. guard cells
                                                                                                                                    1. stoma
                                                                                                                                      1. trichomes
                                                                                                                                        1. root hairs
                                                                                                                                      2. Ground
                                                                                                                                        1. Vascular
                                                                                                                                          1. xylem
                                                                                                                                            1. transports water and minerals from roots to leaves
                                                                                                                                              1. dead cells
                                                                                                                                              2. phloem
                                                                                                                                                1. transports nutrients(sugars) to areas needed for growth, metabolism and storage
                                                                                                                                                  1. living cells
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