Plants: Uses, Form, and Function

PLANTS AS A BIORESOURCE
1. Photosynthsis
  1. 50% of the oxygen in the atmosphere is produced by plants.
2. Cellulose
3. Timber
4. Agriculutre
  1. Sustainable Agriculture
  2. Monocultures
5. Medicine
  1. 25% of prescription drugs contain plant extracts.
6. Biofuels
  1. Crops
    1. Crop Residues
TRANSPORTATION
1. Passive Transport
  1. Goes along Concentration Gradient
    1. Diffusion
    2. Osmosis
2. Xylem Transportation
  1. Root Pressure
    1. Positive Pressure
    2. Negative Pressure
  2. Cohesion Tension Model
    1. Transpiration
    2. Cohesion
    3. Adhesion
3. Active Transport
  1. Goes against concentation gradient
4. Phloem Transportation
  1. Translocation
    1. Source
    2. Sink
  2. Pressure-Flow Model
PLANT BODY
1. Shoot System
  1. Parts
    1. Stem
    2. Branches
    3. Leaves
    4. Auxillary Bud
    5. Node
    6. Apical Node
2. Root System
  1. Parts
    1. Lateral Roots
    2. Taproot
      1. Made up of thick roots with smaller and smaller branching roots.
      2. Examples
        Carrots
        Dandelions
    3. Water
    4. Nutrients
      1. Nitrogen
      2. Potassium
      3. Phosphorus
DICOTS
1. Vascular bundles arranged in stars
  1. Taproot root system.
    1. Presence of wood (secondary growth).
2. Palmate
  1. Pinnate
3. Examples
  1. Banana Tree
  2. Lily
  3. Onion
  4. Asparagus
  5. Yam
  6. Corn
  7. Wheat
  8. Rice
MONOCOTS
1. Vascular bundles arranged in rings
  1. Parts of 3 or multiples of 3
    1. No presence of wood.
      1. Parallel
2. Fibrous root system
3. Examples
  1. Almond Tree
  2. Coffee
  3. Flax
  4. Rose
  5. Strawberry
  6. Oak Tree
  7. Cabbage
  8. Citrus Tree
REPRODUCTION
1. Sexual Reproduction in Seed Plants
2. Alternation of Generations
3. Sexual Reproduction In Seed Plants
  1. Sexual Reproduction In Angiosperms
    1. Angiosperm anatomy
      1. sepal
      2. petals
      3. stamen
      4. pistil
      5. polar nuclei
      6. pollen grain
  2. Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms
4. Asexual Reproduction
  1. Vegetative Prognation
  2. Artificial Prognation
PLANT ORGANS
1. Anatomy of roots
  1. Root Caps
  2. Cortex
    1. Endodermis
      1. Casparian Strip
  3. Taproot
  4. Fibrous Roots
2. Stems
3. Anatomy of leaves
  1. Cuticle
  2. Mesophyll
  3. Palisade Mesophyll
  4. Spongy Mesophyll
SUCCESSION
1. Primary Successioon
  1. Establishment of a community in an area after an ecological disturbance has left exposed rock without topsoil.
    1. Examples
      1. Volcanic Eruptions
      2. Retreating Glaciers
2. Secondary Succession
  1. Recolonization of an area after an ecological the disturbance which left the topsoil intact.
    1. Examples
      1. Forest fires
      2. Floods
3. Pioneer Species
  1. Pioneer species are where species of organisms are the first to colonize barren land.
    1. Examples
      1. Bacteria
      2. Algae
      3. Lichen
RESPONSES TO EXTERNAL STIMULI
1. Nastic response
  1. Plant movement in response to a stimulus.
    1. Flower petals open during the day and close at night to conserve heat.
    2. Not associated with the direction of the stimulus.
2. Tropism
  1. Negative Tropism
  2. Types
    1. Phototrphism
      1. Growth response to light caused by unequal distribution of auxin.
    2. Gravitrophism
      1. Growth response to gravity and roots show positive gravitropism into the soil to help anchor the plant.
    3. Thigmotrohpism
      1. Growth response to mechanical stimuli, such as contact with an object or anither organism.
        Vines growing up a fence or tree.
  3. Postive Trophism
3. Explanation
  1. A plant movement in response to a stimulus not associated with the direction of the stimulus.
PLANT HORMONES
1. Hormones
  1. Stimulatory Hormones
    1. Gibberellins
      1. Cytokinins
        Auxins
  2. Inhibitory Hormones
    1. Abscisic Acid
      1. Ethylene
PLANT CELLS
1. Sclerenchyma Cells
  1. Structure
    1. Very thick secondary wall with lignin.
      1. They die after full development of cell and provide support for mature plants.
2. Parenchyma Cells
  1. Features
    1. leaves and cells have chloroplasts, and has large cenral vacuoles
  2. Shape
    1. Spherical
    2. Flattened cell walls.
    3. Tightly packed cells.
  3. Structure
    1. Main functions include storage, gas exchange, tissue replacement and repair, and protection.
3. Collenchyma Cells
  1. Shape
    1. Elongated, long strands or cylinders that provide support for surrounding cells.
  2. Structure
    1. Long strings that are pulled from celery stock.
  3. Features
    1. Thick cell walls, and as the plant grows, the thinner cell walls expand making them flexible.
PLANT TISSUES
1. Meristematic
  1. Embryonic tissues that can develop into specialized plant cells.
2. Dermal
  1. Outer covering of a plant
    1. Epidermis
    2. Guard cells
    3. Stoma
    4. Trichomes
    5. Root hairs
3. Ground
4. Vascular
  1. Xylem
    1. Transports water and minerals.
      1. Roots
      2. Leaves
    2. Dead cells
  2. Phloem
    1. Transports nutrients (sugars) to areas needed for growth, metabolism and storage.
    2. Living cells

	Created by Julia Romanów over 10 years ago

	Copied by Abdur Rehman Syed almost 7 years ago

	Copied by Raiyan Shahrear almost 7 years ago

	Copied by Abdur Rehman Syed almost 7 years ago

	Copied by Raiyan Shahrear almost 7 years ago

	Copied by Abdur Rehman Syed almost 7 years ago

	Copied by Abdur Rehman Syed almost 7 years ago

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Plants: Uses, Form, and Function

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