A healthy diet has a balance of
food types: Carbohydrates, fats
& proteins,
They are used to release energy and build cells.
Also need vitamins and
minerals in small amounts for
healthy funtioning of the body.
A person becomes malnourished if their diet
becomes unbalanced; this can be by either
taking in too little energy or too much
Energy in = energy used ~ no mass gain
Energy in > energy used ~ mass gain
Energy in < energy used ~ mass loss
Taking in
too much
energy can
lead to
obesity
Obesity can cause severe
health problems such as type
2 diabetes.
The more you exercise the
more energy you use
Exercise also increases the
metabolic rate.
The metabolic rate is the speed in which chemical
reactions take place in the body, particularly in cellular
respiration
The proportion of muscle to fat in your body &
inherited factors can also increase your metabolic
rate.
Cholesterol is needed for your cell membranes and to
make vital substances.
Cholesterol is inherited and having bad
cholesterol can lead to heart disease.
Pathogens and disease
Micro-organisms which cause infectious diseases
are called pathogens.
Bacteria and viruses reproduce rapidly inside your body and
produce toxins (poisons) which make you feel ill
Bacteria are LARGER than viruses.
Viruses reproduce inside the cells in your body, which damages your cells and makes you feel ill. Because they reproduce
inside your cell, it means that they cannot be treated with antibiotics as any treatment would also damage the cell.
Painkillers such as ibuprofen can alleviate symptoms but not kill the pathogen.
The immune system will
eventually overcome the
viral pathogen.
White blood cells help to defend us against pathogens by:
Producing antitoxins, which counteracts the toxins produced by pathogens
Producing antibodies, which destroy particular bacteria or viruses with the right antigens
Producing phagocytes which engulf and ingest pathogens
Antibiotics are medicines which help cure bacterial disease by killing infectious bacteria inside the body.
Specific bacteria should be treated with specific antibiotics
They have greatly reduced the number of deaths due to bacterial infections.
Misuse and overuse of antibiotics has increased the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria.
Many strains of bacteria, such as MRSA (Methiicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus), have developed a resistance to antibiotics as a
result of natural selection.
Mutations of pathogens produce new strains and so vaccinations and antibiotics may not be effective
against the new strain of pathogen. The strain will then spread rapidly because there is no treatment.
Antibiotics kill individual bacterial pathogens of the non resistant strain.
Individual resistant pathogens survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain increases.
Now. antibiotics are not used to treat non-serious infections so the rate of development of resistant
strains of bacteria slows down.
Semmelweiss recognized the importance of hand washing in the prevention of spreading infectious
diseases. By insisting doctors washed their hands before examining their patients he greatly reduced
the number of deaths due to infectious diseases in his hospital.
However, it did take a long time for people to accept his ideas as no one knew about viruses and bacteria then,.
Diseases which spread within a country result in a epidemics whilst ones which spread
across countries result in a pandemic.
Vaccinations
Dead or inactive (attenuated) forms of bacteria are injected into the body.
This is called a vaccine
The vaccine stimulates the white blood cells to produce antibodies that can kill the pathogen.
This makes the person immune to further infections by the microorganism.
If the body came into contact with the same bacteria again, it would respond by rapidly producing the correct antibody in the same way as if the person had previously had the disease.
This works because the antibodies produced by the white blood cell would recognize the antigen (protein shape) on the pathogen.
The MMR vaccine is is one of several vaccinations. It is used to prevent mumps, measles and rubella in children.
Growing and investigating bacteria
Pure cultures of non-pathogenic bacteria can be used in lab investigations.
A culture of microorganisms can be used to find the effect of antibiotics on bacteria.
For this:
Petridishes and culture media must be sterilised before use to kill unwanted microorganisms
Inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms must be sterilised by being passed through a flame.
The lid of the petri dish must be sealed with tape to prevent any unwanted microorganisms entering from the air.
A culture medium such as agar jelly should be used to provide nutrients.
In school and college labs they must be incubated at a maximum temperature of 25 degrees C, which greatly reduces the chance that the pathogens
that grow would be harmful to humans.
In industrial conditions higher temperatures can be used for more rapid growth.