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Enzymes
- Inhibitors
- Competitive
- They have a similar molecular shape to that of the substrate
- Competes with the substrate for the active site
- If substrate concentration increases it ill reduce the effect of the inhibitor
- They have a similar molecular shape to that of the substrate
- Non-Competitive
- Binds to the enzyme (not the active site)
- Alters the overall shape of the enzyme
- Rate of reaction is unaffected by
substrate concentration
- Substrate will no longer fit in the active site
- Binds to the enzyme (not the active site)
- Competitive
- Medical
and
Industrial
applications
of
enzymes
- Immobilised
enzymes
- Immobilised Enzymes
are enzyme molecules
that are fixed, bound or
trapped on a matrix such
as a gel capsule (Algae
Beads)
- Advantages
- can tolerate wider
temperatures and
pH
- Does not get
mixed up with
the product
- Enzymes can
be easily
recovered
- Only a small amount of
enzymes needed for a lot of
products
- can tolerate wider
temperatures and
pH
- Immobilised Enzymes
are enzyme molecules
that are fixed, bound or
trapped on a matrix such
as a gel capsule (Algae
Beads)
- Biosensors
- Steps in
using a
Biosensor:
- 1)Blood contains a mixture of different molecules
- 2)Enzyme electrode is placed in a blood sample
- 3)Glucose diffuses into the immobilised enzyme layer
- 4)Oxygen is taken up
- 5)The rate of Oxygen uptake is proportional to the glucose concentration
- 6)A digital display shows an accurate concentration of glucose
- 1)Blood contains a mixture of different molecules
- The reaction produces a
small electric current,
which is picked up by the
electrode
- Steps in
using a
Biosensor:
- Immobilised
enzymes
- Enzyme
Structure
- Tertiary
Globular
Proteins
- Catalyse
metabolic
reactions
- Lock
and Key
theory
- Induced
fit theory
- Catabolic
reaction
- 1 large molecule > Multiple small molecules
- 1 large molecule > Multiple small molecules
- Anabolic
reaction
- Multiple small molecules> one large molecule
- Multiple small molecules> one large molecule
- Bond
- Hydrogen
- ionic
- Disulphide birdges
- Hydrogen
- Tertiary
Globular
Proteins
- Factors affecting
rate of reaction
- Temperature
- an increase in temperature causes
greater kinetic energy in molecules. The
molecules are moving around quicker
meaning better chance of a successful
collisions between the substrate an
enzyme. This will continue until the
optimum temperature has been
reached (for most enzymes this is about
40*C). As the temperature increases
above the optimum temperature the
enzymes begin to denature due to the
temperature breaking the hydrogen
bonds. This alters the shape of the
active site.
- an increase in temperature causes
greater kinetic energy in molecules. The
molecules are moving around quicker
meaning better chance of a successful
collisions between the substrate an
enzyme. This will continue until the
optimum temperature has been
reached (for most enzymes this is about
40*C). As the temperature increases
above the optimum temperature the
enzymes begin to denature due to the
temperature breaking the hydrogen
bonds. This alters the shape of the
active site.
- pH
- extreme pH can cause the
hydrogen bonds in the enzyme
to weaken causing an
alteration in the active site
enzyme become denatured.
Buffers maintain a constant
pH. Buffers are used in
experiments where the pH is
needed to stay at a constant.
- extreme pH can cause the
hydrogen bonds in the enzyme
to weaken causing an
alteration in the active site
enzyme become denatured.
Buffers maintain a constant
pH. Buffers are used in
experiments where the pH is
needed to stay at a constant.
- Substrate and enzyme concentration
- • Substrate concentration- When substrate concentration
increases the rate of reaction increases until a certain point
where the enzymes will be saturated. • Enzyme concentration-
increasing the enzyme concentration will increase the rate of
reaction due to more active sites being available therefore more
enzyme substrate complexes and more products.
- • Substrate concentration- When substrate concentration
increases the rate of reaction increases until a certain point
where the enzymes will be saturated. • Enzyme concentration-
increasing the enzyme concentration will increase the rate of
reaction due to more active sites being available therefore more
enzyme substrate complexes and more products.
- Temperature
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