Unit 2 Geography

Topic 1 Population dynamias
1. Reasons for increase population
  1. Better medicines
  2. Better technology
  3. People living longer
  4. Better nutrition
  5. Better living conditions
  6. Cleaner drinking water
2. Birth rate and death rate
  1. If less people die and more people are born, it increases the words population at the present time
3. Immigration
  1. More people entering the country making more people added to the population of that area
4. Natural change
  1. When at the birth rate exceeds the death rate increasing the population
  2. With more people it means more children will be being born, further increasing the population
5. Key terms
  1. Birth rate: the number of birth per 1,000 in a year
  2. Death rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 in a year
  3. Natural increase: The difference between birth rate and death rate
  4. Natural change: The change in population numbers which result from the differ death and birth rates
  5. Migration: The process of people changing their place of residents, within or between countries
  6. Immigration: People arriving in a country to live for more than a year
  7. Emigration: A person living in a country and moves somewhere else for atleast a year
  8. Zero population growth: when natural change and migration cancel each other out
  9. Exponential growth: Rapid increase of population
6. Reasons for decreased population
  1. Cost of raising a child increases
  2. Civil war in a country
  3. Introduction of birth control
  4. Increase of women seeking employment
  5. fewer labourers required to work the farm land
7. DMT
  1. It shows the change of death rate, birth rate and natural change increase of a county over time
  2. Created by Warren Thompson in 1929
  3. Adapted to indicate socio-economic development in 1945
8. Demographic transition model
  1. Stage 1: High BR and DR which fluctuate ( Natural increase is low)
    1. High BR because of not birth control.
      1. High infant mortality.
    2. High death rate from poor hygiene
      1. High rates of disease and infant mortality
    3. No country is at this stage
  2. Stage 2: High birth rate and falling death rate (rapid natural increase)
    1. Falling DR because of improved Health care, housing and nutrition
      1. Also lo rates of infant mortality and desease
    2. Country include LIC's, such as Niger, Chad and Somalia
  3. Stage 3: falling BR and DR (natural increase decreases)
    1. Falling BR due to improved birth control
      1. Fewer child mortality which encourages couples to have less children
        Less children working
    2. Countries include MICs and NICs, such as India, Mexico and Brazil
  4. Stage 4: Low BR and DR which both fluctuate (natural increase is low)
    1. The population 'greys' - gets older.
    2. BR is kept low, due to available and effective birth control
      1. families want it all for their children
        and changing role of women ( career women and a longer stay in education)
    3. Countries include HICs such as USA, France and Denmark
9. Case Studies: Population Structure
  1. Japan
    1. Economic growth
      1. To make strong economic growth men work long hours ( often 50 hour a week)
        couple find it hard to get time to raise a family
    2. demographic Factors
      1. Japanese people eat healthily diet
        Low fats, sugar and salts
        see life expectancy
      2. Baby booms creating a larger band of people aged 35-44
    3. Migration
      1. has no significant immigration groups, 98% of the population is Japanese
    4. Conflict
      1. World war killed many men which made a small group of 85+
      2. After WWII There was a baby boom and now they are about the 60 age
    5. Great health lowers death rate
      1. Japan Has 206 doctors per 100,00 people
    6. Ageing populaion
    7. Ageing population issues
      1. declining population makes more jobs available
        letting immigrants into the country to prevent socio-economic problem
        20 million people needed to be let into the country
      2. Japan has a long history of being brain washed into freeing foreigners
        they believe foreigners are more likely to commit crimes
        grants are less likely to achieve a a position of respect or authority
  2. Mexico
    1. 2005- 2010 1.4 million Mexicans moved out of Mexico but 1.4 million moved back
    2. Low death rates increase older population
    3. Mexico has a vast youth population
      1. Heath service increased dramatically making less children die at birth
        Leads to Mexico having a large youth population
    4. less are leaving around the ages of 20-34 because of economic growth
      1. Mass amount of 45-64 moved out of Mexico, 10,000 crossed the border into America
10. Case study:Population policy
  1. China: one child policy
    1. The need for the policy
      1. Lack of resources
      2. Over crowding
      3. Large population
      4. Slow down impacts of natural problems
      5. Less people left without surficent things for living
    2. Problems with the population
      1. Parents spoil the only child and it leads to obesity
      2. Brief kidnapping has increase because of less women
      3. Not everyone can be monitored
      4. Low life expectance which makes a shortage of labour
    3. Success with the policy
      1. Birth rate dropped 34 per 1000 in 1970 to 13 per 1000 in 2008
      2. Population growth rate dropped from 2.4% to 0.6%
      3. Less people being left without anything
    4. How it works
      1. Couples without children were told to wait their tuen
      2. Young people were told to perspone marriages
      3. They can get things such as...
        benefits
        cash bonuses
        Better housing
        better child care
      4. Women with unauthorised prognosis where pressured into abortions
  2. Singapore: Have three or more
    1. At first the government were worried about the island becoming over populated
    2. Why...
      1. Their policy changed to a Pro-natalist policy
        they make people what to do the policy by
        Cheap nurseries
        Preferential access to the best schools
        Spacious apartments
      2. A low population for the country
    3. Women are discouraged to have abortions
    4. Giving people the choice to have three or more if they can afford it
11. Migration and the UK
  1. Re-opening the door
    1. What issues
      1. a period of economic boom saw a shortage of labour
      2. They were accused of depriving UK workers
        And taking advantage of the benefit system
      3. The UK is unable to control the movement of economic migrants
    2. Benefits created
      1. Many citizens of new EU countries have come to work inn the ok
      2. migrants contributing to the economy
      3. Many jobs they take are low paid jobs
      4. Migrants have a strong work ethic
    3. Problems created
      1. stay until have enough money to take home
      2. A lot entire from out side the EU
      3. gone home because of better employment prospects
  2. Closing the door
    1. What issues
      1. The UK had more then enough labour
      2. I was clear that the immigrants created great tension
    2. Benefits created
      1. met the shortage of unskilled and semi-skilled labour
      2. Played a big part of post war reconstruction of the country
      3. White people have found over time that immigrants aren't threatening
    3. problems created
      1. the pubic money was spent on meeting the everyday needs of the immigrants
        housing, school, health care
      2. When the economy went into recession in the 1970's the immigrants added to the burden
      3. immigrates were discriminated against and abused
  3. Open Door
    1. What issues
      1. Encouraged by an act of parliament
      2. Free entry into the UK
      3. Post-war immigration came mainly from colonies in the Caribbean
    2. Benefits created
      1. Many people found work in textile factories
      2. Many drove buses or worked on the railway
      3. Later arrivers, particularly from india opened corner shops and restaurants
    3. Problems created
      1. There was over 1 million immigrants

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