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2331341
Chemistry C1
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Mind Map on Chemistry C1, created by miles.a.moran on 21/03/2015.
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chemistry c1
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miles.a.moran
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Resource summary
Chemistry C1
Atoms
Element - A substance made of only one atom
Proton - Positively charged sub-atomic particle (same number of electrons)
Neutron - Neutrally charged sub-atomic particle (Mass-atomic no.)
Electron - Negatively charged sub-atomic particle (same number of protons)
Group number shows number of electrons in outer shell
Atoms with same number of electrons in the outer shell have similar chemical properties
Bonds
Ionic - When a atom loses or gains an electron
Covalent - When atoms share electrons
Equations
Reactants - The substances which react together
Products - The substances made
Symbol equations e.g. C+O = CO2
Limestone
Uses
Raw material for concrete, cement and mortar
As pavements
For the base of roads and railways
Quarrying
Advantages
Creates jobs for locals
Boosts local economy with increased income
Disadvantages
Reduced tourism
Increased traffic
Noise, visual and air pollution
Destruction of natural wildlife
Heat with clay to make CEMENT
Mix with sand to make MORTAR
Mix with sand and aggregate to make CONCRETE
Extracting Metals
Ore - A rock which contains enough of a metal to make it economical to extract
Native - Unreactive metals found in nature e.g. Gold
Reduction - Removal of oxygen from a compund
Oxidisation - A reaction between an element and oxygen to form an oxide
Electrolysis
Phytomining
Plants grow and absorb ions through roots.
Plants are burnt to produce ash.
Ash is dissolved in sulfuric acid
Solution is electrolyed
Bioleaching
Bacteria feed on low grade ore
Through biological and chemical processes we get a solution called a leachate
Scrap iron and electrolysis are then used
Reduction
The ore is oxidised by being smelted in air
The oxide is smelted with carbon to produce CO2 and pure metal
Recycling
Advantages
Metal ores last longer
Less energy to recycle than extract metal
Fewer mines needed
Less polution
Disadvantages
Used items must be transported to recycling centre
Metals be sorted
Saves different amounts of energy depending on the metal
Alloys
Mixtures of metals
Steel is a mixture of iron carbon and other metals it is stronger than regular iron
Low density and resistant to corrosion
Aluminium e.g. jet parts
Titanium e.g. hip joints
Transition Metal
Good conductors
Useful as structural materials
Can be bent or hammered into shape
Fuels
Alkanes - are saturated and only have single bonds e.g. Methane
General formula is CnH2n+2
Alkenes - are unsaturated and have double carbon-carbon bonds
General formula is CnH2n
Fractional Distillation
Used to seperate mixtures containing several different substances e.g. crude oil
The oil is heated to boiling point (evaporated)
The vapour rises up the column
Each fraction condenses at different points because each alkane has a different boiling point (based on the number of bonds it contains)
Compounds consisting of chains of hydrogen and carbon only
Combustion
Complete combustion - The hydrogen and carbon react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapour
Partial combustion - When there is not enough oxygen so carbon monoxide and particulates form
Sulfur dioxide - Contained in most fossil fuels and creates acid rain which damages limestone
Particulates - They reflect sun back and cause global dimming
Biofuels
Advantages
Renewable
Carbon neutral
Biodiesel can be used in diesel engines
Bioethanol can be mixed with petrol and used in petrol engines
Disadvantages
Farmland is used for biofuel production rather than food
Non-renewable sources may be used indirectly e.g. for transport
Are more expensive to produce than fossil fuels
Hydrogen
No CO2 produced when burned
Fossil fuels may be used to create it
It is hard to store
Ethanol
Fermentation
A natural process which requires yeast
Hydration of ethene
An industrial process which requires steam (in the presence of a catalyst)
Ethene is made from crude oil
Polymers
Cracking
A thermal decomposition reaction in which hydrocarbons are broken down to form smaller hydrocarbons as they are more useful
The vapours are either passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and heated to very high temperatures
Formation
Alkenes are used to make polymers (plastics)
Alkenes join together to form monomers
They join in a polymerisation reaction to form large molecules called polymers
e.g. Ethene - Poly(ethene)
Uses
Hydrogels (Absorb water) for nappies
False teeth and fillings
Landfill
Advantages
Waste is quickly disposed of
Waste is out of view
Disadvantages
Space is limited
Polymers are not biodegradable
Landfills are unattractive and attract animals
Plant oil
Extraction
Pressing & Filtering
The plant material is crushed to release oil and water
The oil floats on top so can be filtered off
Steam Distillation
Water is boiled into steam
Steam passes through the plants
The steam carries the oil
The mixture of steam/oil is condensed
The oil floats on top of the water
Cooking with oil
Advantages
Cooks at higher temperatures
Cooks faster than when in water
Has different flavouring
Disadvantages
Releases more energy (calories) when eaten
Emulsions
Oils do not dissolve in water but a mixture is called an emulsion
Advantages of emulsions
They are thicker
They have better food coating ability
Have a better texture/appearance
Emulsifiers
Substance which makes emulsions stable by preventing them from seperating out
Saturation
Saturated vegetable oils only have C-C single bonds
Unsaturated vegetable oils have some C=C double bonds
Polyunsaturated oils have lots of C=C double bonds
Unsaturated oils are better for your health
Testing
Bromine water turns colourless when mixed with an unsaturated substance
Hydrogenation
Requires hydrogen, a nickel catalyst and 60°C
The process by which unsaturated oils are hardened by breaking the C=C bonds
Hydrogenated oils have higher melting points so they are:
Solid at room temperature
Used to make margarine etc
Early Earth
Structure
Crust - Outer layer 35km & solid
Mantle - Middle layer 3000km & flowing solid
Outer core - Inner layer 5200km & liquid
Inner core - Innermost layer 6400km & solid
Tectonic Plates
The earth's crust is cracked into several pieces
Convection currents
They move the tectonic plates from within the mantle
They are generated by radioactive decay processes within the Earth
Continental Drift
Discovered by Alfred Wegener a German Scientist
Continents used to be a supercontinent called pangea
Evidence
Coasts lines have similar interlocking shapes
Fossils of land mammals are the same
Early Atmosphere
Main gases
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Other gases 1% e.g. argon and carbon dioxide
Air as a raw material
They can be separated by fractional distillation
Air is cooled to -200°C (into a liquid)
At -79°C CO2 and O2 are removed
It is piped into a fractioning column
Nitrogen gas leaves out the top
Liquid oxygen leaves out the bottom
Miller-Urey Experiment
Primordial Soup
Water vapour, ammonia, methane and hydrogen
It formed amino acids (The building blocks of life)
Carbon Cycle
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