Verbal Communication: Conveying information with vocal sounds and words
ARGYLE, ALKEMA AND GILMOUR.
AIM: tone of voice has
any effect when
interpreting a verbal
message.
METHOD:Hostile/friendly
messages/voices.
RESULTS: when
interpreted, 5X effect
than message itself.
CONCLUSION: Tone of
voice v important when
interpreting message.
DAVITZ AND DAVITZ
AIM: Effect of Paralinguistics
on assessment of emotion.
METHOD: Listen to tape
recordings, assess emotion
from Paraliguistic cues: Tone
Of Voice, Intonation, Emphasis.
RESULTS: V high level of
accuracy in recognising these
emotions: affection,
amusement, disgust, fear.
CONCLUSION: Paralinguistics
has great importance when
judging emotion.
EVALUATION OF THESE
STUDIES: } May explain why
some people may have trouble
getting verbal informtion
across as their tone of voice
contradict what they are saying
} Artificial setting. Participants
focusing on different aspects of
communication, when in real
life we dont pay attention, but
rather focus on the actual
words.
Paralinguistics: Vocal features that accompany speech.
Tone Of Voice: The way words are spoken to convey emotion.
Intonation: Inflection in the voice while speaking.
Emphasis: Giving importance to some words.
Non-Verbal Communication: Conveying messages without speech, or vocal sounds.
How Do We Use Eye Contact?
KEY WORDS.
Eye Contact: When two people in conversation look into
each others eyes at the same time.
ARGYLE
AIM: How interrupting eye
contact affects conversation.
METHOD: Pairs of participants
having coversations. Condtions:
with and without glasses.
RESULTS: Dark glasses worn:
more interruptions and pauses
than when not worn.
CONCLUSION:Eye Conact
important to ensure smooth
flow of conversation.
EVALUATION:Studies on Pupil
Dilation help us understand why eye
makeup is so popular. The effect of
making the eyes look larger and darker
may be unconscious signal for
attraction.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATION:
Studies of eye movement
help us to understand why
we may feel uncomfortable if
some one who is talking to us
never breaks eye contact
with us. } We have no control
over Pupil Dilation. A
drawback of this is that we
can't hide our emotions.
Pupil Dilation: When the pupils in the
eyes expand, to look larger.
HESS
AIM: Effect of Pupil Dilation on emotion.
METHOD:Shown two nearly identical pictures of a
girl but one of them Pupil Dilated. Participants asked
which picture looked more attractive.
RESULTS:Majority said that the picture with Dilated
pupils more attractive but couldn't say why that
picture. CONCLUSION: Pupil Dilation has a powerful
yet unconcious affect on emotion.
EVALUATION: Asking people to get
acquainted then observing is a very
artificial situation and wouldn't
happen in real life. Participants may
have acted differently than normal.
}Studies of eye contact does help us
know what we can do to make a
conversation run more smoothly.
HOW DO WE FACIAL EXPRESSIONS?
HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN: T he brain is divided into two halves; called the left and right hemispheres.
SACKEIM
AIM: To look at the relationship between facial expression and the hemispheres of the brain
Method: Pics of peopls face showing different emotions cut down the middle. new pic were
created with each half face and its mirror image. then each pair of new faces shown to
participants. they were asked which one they liked better.
Results: majority of participants said they preffered the pic on the left half face and its
reflection. when asked why, they said person looked warmer.
Conclusion: the left side of the face seems to express emotions more than the right
side.