Biology chapter 1

The study of Life/living things
1. Definition of Life:
  1. Has cells
    1. Cell Theory
      1. All living things are made of Cells.
        All cells have 4 things in common
        Cell Membranee
        Ribosomes
        DNA
        Central Dogma of Biology is:
        DNA Self-replicates and that it guides the production of RNA and Proteins
        Cytosol
        2 types of Cells
        Eukaryotes
        Large and has membrane-bound organelles
        Prokaryotes
        Smaller and has no membrane-bound organelles
      2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in Biology.
      3. new cells come from previously existing cells
  2. Is organized
    1. Levels of organization
      1. subatomic particle, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biomes, biosphere.
        Emergent Properties
        From each step up in complexity, a new property emerges which lower levels cannot replicate. (Ex. Cells are alive, nothing below is)
        Species are all members of a certain type of life (ex. Humans). A population is how many of that species is in a certain area.(Population of NYC)
  3. Uses energy
    1. 3 ways to get energy
      1. Produce energy as a Chemoautotroph or a Photoautotroph (Plants)
        Consume Other forms of life Including Producers, other consumers or Decomposers (Humans, Cows, Tigers)
        Decompose other forms of life into nutrients for Producers and yourself(Fungi)
  4. Maintain Homeostasis
  5. Grows and Develops
    1. Evolution is a part of Developing
      1. Evolution is the change of a species over time via Natural Selection to make a species better suited to its environment
        Natural selection has 4 mechanisms
        A variety of traits are produced
        There is an overproduction of offspring
        Survival of the Fittest
        Survivors pass on their traits.
        Repeat
        An adaptation is a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
        Evolution cannot occur in individuals because their genetic makeup rarely changes during their lifetime
  6. Reproduces
    1. Asexually
      1. Mitosis
        One division forming 2 identical clones
        For repair, cell growth or by single-celled organisms
    2. sexually
      1. Meiosis
        2 divisions forming 4 genetically unique cells
        Happens to propagate a multicellular species
2. Scientific Method
  1. Make an observation, Form a question, Research, Form a Hypothesis, Experiment to disprove Hypothesis, Analyze Data, Draw conclusion, Modify if necessary. Through repeated testing, a Theory about a Law may be formed.
    1. Observation can be done with Inductive VS deductive reasoning
      1. Inductive reasoning: specific observations to a general conclusion about something
      2. Deductive Reasoning: general observations to a specific conclusion about something
    2. Hypothesis vs Theory vs. Law
      1. The hypothesis is a guess about what will happen during your experiment
      2. A Law summarizes a phenomenon. What is happening? It cannot explain the phenomenon.
      3. A theory is a well-tested observation about the world
    3. In experiments, there is bias. There are a few ways to reduce bias.
      1. Controls in the experiment
      2. Sampling procedures to get good testing groups
      3. Largest numbers feasibly possible for the test subjects. More subjects = more likely to spot a pattern.
      4. Make sure your results are repeatable
3. Viruses and prions are not alive because they lack characteristics of living things.
Taxonomy
1. In taxonomy we use a binomial Nomenclature to name animals (Ex. Homo sapien)
  1. The Hierarchy of the naming system is: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
    1. A good way to remember this is: Did King Philip Come Over For Good Soup?
    2. Human Taxonomy is Eukarya, Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia, Primate, Hominidae, Homo, sapien
    3. The 3 domains are Eukarya, Bacteria and Arachea

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Biology chapter 1

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	Created by Nathaniel Parkinson about 4 years ago