COADAPTATION & COEVOLUTION

1. coevolution
2. coadaptation
3. diffuse coevolution
4. evolutionary arm race
5. cophylogeny
6. coevolutionary interaction

1. DEF: the change of a biological object triggered by another biological object
2. a process of reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting sp.
   1. multiple levels of bio, (DNA - orgnsm)
   2. within/btwn sp.
   3. not necessarily involve codependence
3. e.g. Ant (Formica fusca) & Lyceanid butterfly caterpillar

1. Mutualism (+ +) - postive association
   1. 1) e.g Mullerian mimicry (Monarch and Viceroy butterfly)
   2. 2) e.g. Madagascar orchid and Hawkmoths (plant pollinator)
   3. 3) e.g. Ant (Formica fusca) & Acacia (plant pollinator)

      Annotations:

      • nibble on the nectar + caterpillar
   4. 4) e.g.Ant and Acacia sp.

      Annotations:

      • Ant make a nest in the thorn of Acacia, feed on nectaries, give protection from herbivores.
2. Commensalism (+ o)
   1. 1) e.g. Anemone (o) Clown fish (+)

      Annotations:

      • provide home for the clown fish
   2. 2) e.g. Common Wasp, Vespula vulgaris (common model) - Batesian Mimicry

      Annotations:

      • A ‘physical ‘ mimic closely resembles an unpalatable or harmful species (the model), and is therefore avoided by predators
3. Antagonism (- +) Predators, parasites or parasitoids share similar signals with a harmless model.)
   1. 1) e.g. Sabre - Toothed Blenny (Aggressive Mimicry)
      1. pretend to the Labroides Dimidiatus (harmless cleaner fish) - but scarp a chunk of flesh from its site to eat
   2. 2) e.g. human head louse (Parasitism)
      1. kleptoparasitism (parasitism by theft - seagull, reed warbler & cuckoo)
   3. 3) e.g. (in general) Predation
   4. 4) herbivory
4. Competition (- -)
   1. 1) e.g. food resources
      1. Individually sp. thrive
      2. together --> competitive exclusion OR niche partitioning
         1. competitive exclusion (P. caudatum vs P. aurelia) 1 sp being outcompete by the other sp.
         2. niche partitioning (P. caudatum vs P. bursaria) both sp not really well grow (affecting each other) - partitioning the resource

1. 1) PREDATOR & PREY
   1. - predator exerts pressure on prey. - prey exhibiting particular trait ( speed) - predator also exhibiting particular trait (greater speed). - other traits in the sp die out - both sp evolve w a specific trait. - this evo is dictated by the interspecific interaction
   2. e.g. lynx and hare
2. 2) PARASITES & HOST
   1. e.g. bunny and myxoma virus
      1. overtime, the virus less evolve. - bunny develop resistance. - myxoma efficiency dropped
3. ARMS RACE

Annotations:

• constant trait evolu'on where predator and prey con'nually ‘escalate’ to stay ‘one‐step‐ahead’

1. concordant pattern phylogeny
   1. Phylogenies are near mirror images
   2. Phylogene'c rela'onships between beetles and food plant nearly iden'cal. i.e. Same or very similar branching pa8ern.
2. Non-concordant
   1. not mirror images
   2. In this particular example beetles can colonise food plants based on chemical defense profiles. Therefore can jump all around the host plant phylogeny (host shifts)
3. e.g. leaf cutter ant
   1. Provides a substrate for fungi on its body
   2. The Ants also eat the fungus, transport it to new loca'ons, protects it from parasites and compe'tors
   3. Fungi are parasi'sed by Escovopsis parasites.
   4. Bacteria cultivated on specialised bodies on the ant to derive antibiotics that curb the parasite activity

1. DEF: loss of a species as a consequence of the ex'nc'on of another
2. may involve predator - when a keystone sp goes extinct
   1. e.g. Huia extinct due to hunting. Louse became extinct too (stay on the birds skin)
   2. e.g. moa & Haast eagle. (moa extinct due to hunting)

1. Whole groups of species interact with other groups of species leading to evo changes.
2. e.g. Ant (Formica fusca) and Lyceanid bu8erfly caterpillar
3. e.g. Some Pieridae bu8erflies are associated with Cruciferae plants