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Biology Unit 1 Revision
- Why do we need to exercise?
- To stay fit and healthy so our
bodies don't produce too much fat
so that our bodies are unable to
move or correspond.
- To stay fit and healthy so our
bodies don't produce too much fat
so that our bodies are unable to
move or correspond.
- What is the nervous system?
- The nervous system enables humans to
react to their surroundings and coordinate
their behaviour. Information from
receptors passes along cells (called
neurones) in nerves to the brain. Nerve
impulses are electrical signals that travel
along neurones. Nerve impulses travel at
high speed. Receptors detect stimuli which
include light, sound, changes in position,
chemicals, touch, pressure, pain and
temperature. Sensory neurones – transmit
nerve impulses from the receptors to the
CNS when a stimulus is detected. Motor
neurones – transmit nerve impulses from
the CNS to effectors, to bring about a
response. Effectors are muscles or glands.
- The nervous system enables humans to
react to their surroundings and coordinate
their behaviour. Information from
receptors passes along cells (called
neurones) in nerves to the brain. Nerve
impulses are electrical signals that travel
along neurones. Nerve impulses travel at
high speed. Receptors detect stimuli which
include light, sound, changes in position,
chemicals, touch, pressure, pain and
temperature. Sensory neurones – transmit
nerve impulses from the receptors to the
CNS when a stimulus is detected. Motor
neurones – transmit nerve impulses from
the CNS to effectors, to bring about a
response. Effectors are muscles or glands.
- What are hormones?
- Hormones are many processes
within the body that are
coordinated by chemical substances
called hormones. Hormones are
secreted by glands and are
transported to their target organs
by the bloodstream. Hormones
regulate the functions of many
organs and cells.
- Types of hormones in the menstrual cycle are: 1) FSH –
follicle stimulating hormone, produced at: pituitary
gland, effects: egg matures in ovary; release of
oestrogen from ovary 2) Oestrogen, produced at:
ovaries, it's effects are: inhibits release of FSH, causes
release of LH 3) LH – luteinising hormone produced at:
pituitary gland, it's effects are: stimulates release of
egg from ovary.
- Types of hormones in the menstrual cycle are: 1) FSH –
follicle stimulating hormone, produced at: pituitary
gland, effects: egg matures in ovary; release of
oestrogen from ovary 2) Oestrogen, produced at:
ovaries, it's effects are: inhibits release of FSH, causes
release of LH 3) LH – luteinising hormone produced at:
pituitary gland, it's effects are: stimulates release of
egg from ovary.
- Hormones are many processes
within the body that are
coordinated by chemical substances
called hormones. Hormones are
secreted by glands and are
transported to their target organs
by the bloodstream. Hormones
regulate the functions of many
organs and cells.
- What is the metabolic rate?
- The rate at which chemical
reactions happen in the
cells of your body. . The
warmer it is, the lower your
metabolic rate: we use less
energy to keep our body
temperature at 37° C.
Therefore, the less exercise
you take, and the warmer it
is, the less food you need.
- One major metabolic reaction is
respiration. This releases energy from the
food we eat.
- The higher the proportion of
muscle to fat in your body, the
higher your metabolic rate:
Muscle cells use more energy.
- Inherited factors affect metabolic rate:
Some people inherit genes that give
them a higher or lower metabolic rate
than others.
- The more exercise you do
the faster your metabolic
rate: More energy is
needed
- One major metabolic reaction is
respiration. This releases energy from the
food we eat.
- The rate at which chemical
reactions happen in the
cells of your body. . The
warmer it is, the lower your
metabolic rate: we use less
energy to keep our body
temperature at 37° C.
Therefore, the less exercise
you take, and the warmer it
is, the less food you need.
- Microorganisms as Pathogens
- To be considered a pathogen it must: Gain entry then
colonise the tissues, resist the defenses and cause
damage to the tissues. Pathogens include bacteria,
viruses and fungi.
- How do microorganisms enter the body?
Many pathogens enter through the gas
exchange system (including ones that
cause flu and TB). Food and water can
carry pathogens into the stomach and
intestines via the mouth and into the
digestive system.
- How do microorganisms enter the body?
Many pathogens enter through the gas
exchange system (including ones that
cause flu and TB). Food and water can
carry pathogens into the stomach and
intestines via the mouth and into the
digestive system.
- To be considered a pathogen it must: Gain entry then
colonise the tissues, resist the defenses and cause
damage to the tissues. Pathogens include bacteria,
viruses and fungi.
- Digestive System
- Roles of the major parts of the digestive
system; -Mouth – starts carbohydrate
digestion by adding amylase in saliva to it
braking large carbohydrates down into
maltose. -Stomach – contains enzymes
(proteases) which digest proteins breaking
them down into amino acids. It also produces
a lot of mucus to prevent the stomach itself
from getting digested by its own enzymes.
-Small intestine – where most digestion
happens. Lots of enzymes secreted either
into it or by its walls. However it is adapted
for the absorption of digestive products also
occurs here. -Pancreas and salivary glands –
produce enzymes, salivary glands produce
saliva in the mouth which contains amylase
and the pancreas produces pancreatic juice
which contains proteases, lipase and amylase.
To digest proteins, lipids and starch.
- Two types of digestion, physical and chemical:
-Physical digestion is food being broken down into
smaller pieces by both the teeth and the churning of
the stomach. This not only enables us to swallow food
but increases the surface area of the food so enzymes
can act on it better. -Chemical digestion is breaking
down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble
ones. This is done by enzymes.
- Roles of the major parts of the digestive
system; -Mouth – starts carbohydrate
digestion by adding amylase in saliva to it
braking large carbohydrates down into
maltose. -Stomach – contains enzymes
(proteases) which digest proteins breaking
them down into amino acids. It also produces
a lot of mucus to prevent the stomach itself
from getting digested by its own enzymes.
-Small intestine – where most digestion
happens. Lots of enzymes secreted either
into it or by its walls. However it is adapted
for the absorption of digestive products also
occurs here. -Pancreas and salivary glands –
produce enzymes, salivary glands produce
saliva in the mouth which contains amylase
and the pancreas produces pancreatic juice
which contains proteases, lipase and amylase.
To digest proteins, lipids and starch.
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