4178638
CASE STUDIES
VOLCANOES LDC/MEDC
- MT PINATUBO- LEDC PHILIPPINES 1991
- WHERE?
- SOUTH EAST ASIA,
PHILIPPINES, IN LUZON.
NEAR THE CITY OF ANGELES
- SOUTH EAST ASIA,
PHILIPPINES, IN LUZON.
NEAR THE CITY OF ANGELES
- PLATE SETTING?
- CONTINENTAL EURASIAN AND OCEANIC PHILIPPINES PLATE
- CONTINENTAL
EURASIAN AND
OCEANIC
PHILIPPINES PLATE
- THE LATTER IS
SUBDUCTED DUE TO
BEING MORE DENSE
- AS IT SUBDUCTS IT MELTS TO
FORM MAGMA AND ERUPTS AS
LAVA TO FORM VOLCANOES
- AS IT SUBDUCTS IT MELTS TO
FORM MAGMA AND ERUPTS AS
LAVA TO FORM VOLCANOES
- CONTINENTAL EURASIAN AND OCEANIC PHILIPPINES PLATE
- WAS IT A HAZARD?
- BEFORE THE ERUPTION OF 1991 IT HADNT
ERUPTED SINCE 1380, SO WS NO LONGER
CONSIDERED AS A HAZARD
- PEOPLE FARMED ON THE LAND AS IT
WAS FERTILE VOLCANIC SOIL
- BEFORE THE ERUPTION OF 1991 IT HADNT
ERUPTED SINCE 1380, SO WS NO LONGER
CONSIDERED AS A HAZARD
- EFFECTS
- ENVIRONMENTAL
- VOLCANIC ASH SMOTHERED
BUILDINGS AND FIELDS
- ASH CAUSED GLOBAL COOLING
OF 0.5 DEGREES
- VOLCANIC ASH SMOTHERED
BUILDINGS AND FIELDS
- ECONOMIC
- BUILDING AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
DAMAGE COST
AROUND 3.8
BILLION PESOS
- 1991 GLOBAL
HARVEST DESTROYED
- 650000 JOBS LOST
- $700 MILLION IN
DAMAGE TOTAL
- BUILDING AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
DAMAGE COST
AROUND 3.8
BILLION PESOS
- SOCIAL
- 847 PEOPLE DIED
- OVER 8000 HOMES
DESTROYED
- 73000 DAMAGED
- 73000 DAMAGED
- 1.2 MILLION PEOPLE
LOST THEIR HOMES
- DISEASES SUCH AS
MALARIA KILLED 600
PEOPLE
- PLANTING MADE IMPOSSIBLE
IN 1992 DUE TO ASH
- 847 PEOPLE DIED
- ENVIRONMENTAL
- WHERE?
- MT ETNA, ISLAND OF SICILY, ITALY
- LOCATION
- MORE THAN 25% OF THE POP OF
SILICY LIVE ON THE FLANKS OF ETNA
- ITALY IS A MEDC AND HAD A
GDP PER CAPITA OF OVER
$20000 IN 1991
- HAS TWO MAIN
SETTLEMENTS:
CATANIA AND
ZAFFERANA
- 3,323M ON
THE ISLAND
OF SICILY,
ITALY
- MORE THAN 25% OF THE POP OF
SILICY LIVE ON THE FLANKS OF ETNA
- VOLCANISM
- NOT FULLY
UNDERSTOOD BY
SCIENTISTS
- FROM THE SUBDUCTION OF THE
AFRICAN BENEATH THE
EURASIAN
- OTHER THEORIES:
RIFTING AND EVEN A
MANTLE PLUME
- BASALTIC LAVA
- TRAVEL OVER LONG
DISTANCES
- TRAVEL OVER LONG
DISTANCES
- SINCE 2001 ERUPTED
EVERY YEAR SINCE
- NOT FULLY
UNDERSTOOD BY
SCIENTISTS
- ETNA
- THREE CRATERS, FISSURES OPEN UP,
HAS A 5-10KM CALDERA ON THE EAST
SIDE CALLED VALLE DEL BOVE
- HAS SMALL PARASITIC CONES CALLLED
HORNITOES ON THE OTHER SIDE
- DECADE COLCANO BY THE UN . DESERVES
PARTICULAR STUDY BECAUSE OF A HISTORY
OF DESTRUCTIVE E ERUPTIONS NEAR
POPULATED AREAS
- COMPOSITE VOLCANO
- SINCE 2001 ERUPTED
EVERY YEAR SINCE
- ORIGINATES FROM AN UNDERWATER VOLCANO
- THREE CRATERS, FISSURES OPEN UP,
HAS A 5-10KM CALDERA ON THE EAST
SIDE CALLED VALLE DEL BOVE
- EFFECTS
- STARTED SHOWING
SIGNS IN DEC 1991
- DEC 14TH 1991, LASTED
FOR 473 DAYS
- DEC 14TH 1991, LASTED
FOR 473 DAYS
- WITH TWO
WEEKS
ZAFFERNA WAS
THREATENED
- LAVA FLOWS REACHED
TEMPERATURE OF 1000
DEGREES
- VINEYARDS AND CHESTNUT
ORCHARDS DESTROYED AND A
FEW SMALLER BUILDINGS
- DESTROYED SPRINGS,
WHICH PROVIDED WATER
SUPPLY TO ZAFFERNA, POP
8000
- 7 PEOPLE LOST HOMES AND FARMLAND
- NO ONE WAS KILLED OR INJURED
- ECONOMIC COST ROSE
TO $8 MILLION
- STARTED SHOWING
SIGNS IN DEC 1991
- MANAGEMENT
- BUILT A LARGE BARRIER AT
THE END OF VALLE DEL
BOVE, 70N HIGHAND MORE
THAN 400M LONG
- HELD BACK THE LAVA
FOR 7 MONTHS
- HELD BACK THE LAVA
FOR 7 MONTHS
- THREE ADDITIONAL
SMALLER EARTHERN
BARRIERS, LENGTH
90-160M HEIGHT
6-12M BUILT IN APRIL
- JAN 1992 EARTH
BARRIER 234M
LONG 21M HIGH
- HELDBACK LAVA FOR A
MONTH, OVERFLOWED
ON 9TH APRIL 1992
- HELDBACK LAVA FOR A
MONTH, OVERFLOWED
ON 9TH APRIL 1992
- US AIRFORCE
DROPPED
CONCRETE BLOCKS
AROUND THE MAIN
SOURCE . THIS
FAILED
- ITALIAN NAVY BLASTED OPENINGS IN
THE LAVA TUBES, TO ENCOURAGE NEW
DIRECTION OF FLOW. MAY 1992
- A DIVERSION CHANNEL WAS DUG
AND EXPLOSIVES WERE USED TO
DIVERT THE LAVA ONTO A
ADJACENT FLANK
- SUCCESSFUL! USING 7000 KG
OF EXPLOSIVES, 2/3 OF THE
LAVA MOVED INTO THE
ARTIFICAL CHANNEL
- STOPPED 850M FROM ZAFFERANA
- FAVOURABLE FACTORS:
LOW EFFUSION RATES,
HIGH ELEVATION OF THE
ERUPTIVE VENTS
- A DIVERSION CHANNEL WAS DUG
AND EXPLOSIVES WERE USED TO
DIVERT THE LAVA ONTO A
ADJACENT FLANK
- BUILT A LARGE BARRIER AT
THE END OF VALLE DEL
BOVE, 70N HIGHAND MORE
THAN 400M LONG
- LOCATION
- RESPONSES
- SECONDARY
- HEALTH AND PSYCHO SERVICES HAD TO
BE EXTENDED TO VICTIMS BOTH INSIDE
AND OUTSIDE EVACUATION CENTERS
- CAREFUL PHYSICAL LAND USE
RE-PLANNING OF THE REGION
- INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS SUCH
AS WH, UNDP, UNICEF ALSO EXTENDED
HUMANITARIAN RELIEF
- HOST OF COUNTRIES EXTENDED
HUMANITARIAN RELIEF ASSISTANCE TO
THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT AS IT
SUPPORTS NGO'S
- HEALTH AND PSYCHO SERVICES HAD TO
BE EXTENDED TO VICTIMS BOTH INSIDE
AND OUTSIDE EVACUATION CENTERS
- PRIMARY
- NATURAL DISASTER COORDINATING COUNCIL
MOBILISED CIVILAN AND MILITARY RESOURCES
TO RESPOND TO THE EVACUATION, RESCUE AND
RELIEF REQUIREMENTS
- GOVERNMENT AGENCIES MOBILISED THEIR
RESPECTIVE FACILITIES AND PERSONNEL TO
PROVIDE THE NECESSARY BASIC SERVICES
- IN EVACUATION AREAS
- IN EVACUATION AREAS
- DEPARTMENT F SOCIAL WELFARE
AND DEVELOPMENT WAS IN THE
FOREFRONT OF PROVIDING
EMERGENCY RELIEF ASSISTANCE
- 75000 WERE EVACUATED
UP TO A RADIUS OF
30KM
- WITH AIR FORCE HELICOPTERS DUE TO
ACCURATE PREDICTION FROM THE USGS
- CLARKE AIR
BASE
- SUBIC BAY NAVEL
STATION
- CLARKE AIR
BASE
- WITH AIR FORCE HELICOPTERS DUE TO
ACCURATE PREDICTION FROM THE USGS
- NATURAL DISASTER COORDINATING COUNCIL
MOBILISED CIVILAN AND MILITARY RESOURCES
TO RESPOND TO THE EVACUATION, RESCUE AND
RELIEF REQUIREMENTS
- SECONDARY
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