Clotting and AntiThrombotic Therapy

Description

Cardiology Mind Map on Clotting and AntiThrombotic Therapy, created by skarimi423 on 26/12/2013.
skarimi423
Mind Map by skarimi423, updated more than 1 year ago
skarimi423
Created by skarimi423 almost 11 years ago
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Resource summary

Clotting and AntiThrombotic Therapy
  1. Normal Clotting and Anticoag Processes
    1. Primary Hemostasis
      1. primary hemostasis bleeding disorders

        Annotations:

        • Von Willebrand Factor Disease
        1. Anti platelet Drugs
          1. COX-1 inhibitor
            1. PDE inhibitor
              1. ADP antagonist
                1. GP 2b 3a antagonist
              2. Secondary Hemostasis
                1. secondary hemostasis bleeding disorders

                  Annotations:

                  • Hemophilia
                  1. Key Thing to Know: Vitamin K dependent Proteins

                    Annotations:

                    • • II, VII, IX and X are vitamin K dependent  – So are the anticoagulants Protein C and S  • Produced in hepatocytes initially as precursors  • Glutamic acid residues (within the GLA domain) are  carboxylated to gamma carboxy glutamic acid by a  vitamin K dependent carboxylase  • Gamma carboxy glutamic acids are necessary for  interaction with platelet membranes & Ca++  • No vitamin K  no gamma carboxy glutamic acids   no membrane bound coagulation factor complexes 
                    1. Anticoagulation Drugs
                      1. Vit K antagonist
                    2. Natural Anticoag System
                      1. Anticoagulation Drugs
                        1. Enter text here
                      2. Fibrinolytic System
                        1. Fibrinolytic Drugs
                          1. tPA
                            1. Streptokinase
                            2. Key Components

                              Annotations:

                              • Fibrin clot  Plasminogen & plasmin  Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)    Fibrin degradation products including D‐dimers   Alpha‐2 antiplasmin   Plasminogen activator inhibitor
                          2. Key Clinical Tests to Know
                            1. D Dimer

                              Annotations:

                              • • ↑  DD indicates clotting activity  “normal” DD would rule out the presence of any  significant clot, ie …   • Pulmonary embolus  • DVT    **Requires a highly sensitive assay** 
                              1. Mixing Studies

                                Annotations:

                                • Use: Is a prolongation due to factor deficiency or  inhibitor?  • Basis: 50% of any factor is sufficient for normal clotting  • Procedure: Mix equal amounts of normal and patient  plasma repeat test  • Interpretation:   – If the PT/PTT corrects into the normal range than the  prolongation was due to a factor deficiency  – If not, the prolongation is due to an inhibitor in the patient’s  plasma that is interfering with clot formation (factor specific  antibody, lupus anticoagulant, heparin)
                                1. PTT

                                  Annotations:

                                  • Evaluates the intrinsic pathway  • All elements involved are intrinsic to the  circulation … ie, no TF  • Used for monitoring of unfractionated heparin Specimen collected in citrate to remove Ca++  • Patient’s platelets removed by centrifugation  • Silica is added to the specimen along with  Ca++ and phospholipids previously removed …  t0  – Phospholipids ‐ TF = partial thromboplastin 
                                  1. PT

                                    Annotations:

                                    • • Evaluates the extrinsic pathway   • Initiated by TF which is extrinsic to the  circulation  • Specimen collected in citrate to remove Ca++  • Patient’s platelets removed by centrifugation  • TF is added to the specimen along with Ca++  and phospholipids previously removed … t0  – Phospholipids + TF = thromboplastin   
                                    1. INR

                                      Annotations:

                                      • • TF reagents are variably thrombogenic  • INR was devised to standardize the PT results across labs   • Developed to facilitate warfarin management  – Your patient returns to Connecticut from winter in Florida  • Each batch of manufactured TF is assigned an ISI (International  Sensitivity Index)  • ISI value indicates how the batch of TF compares to an  internationally standardized sample  • INR = an equation you don’t need to know  • Normal INR ≈ 1; typical therapeutic INR ≈ 2‐3  – The average INR of FFP (fresh frozen plasma) is 1.5
                                  2. Bad Clot Formation!!!

                                    Annotations:

                                    • What is Virchow's Triad? alteration in blood flow -stasis/turbulence endothelial injury-collagen and TF alterations in composition of blood (pro and anti coag)
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