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4951352
Sleep & Biological Rhythms
Description
. Biopsychology Mind Map on Sleep & Biological Rhythms, created by Zaneta Chan on 26/03/2016.
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Mind Map by
Zaneta Chan
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Created by
Zaneta Chan
over 8 years ago
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Resource summary
Sleep & Biological Rhythms
Stages of Sleep
Stage 1
Light sleep, irregular low voltage waves
Stage 2
Sleep Spindle
Short bursts of 12-14Hz waves
K-Complex
Sharp high amplitude negative waves, smaller slow positive waves
Stage 3 & 4
Slow, large amplitude waves
Deepest sleep
REM Sleep
Function
Discards useless connections formed in the day
Assists in memory formation & motor skills
Moving eyes increase O2 supply to cornea
Irritability, anxiety, impaired concentration
Rats die from no REM sleep
Desynchronized EEG activity
Rapid eye movements
Muscular paralysis
REM Rebound
1 Cycle = 90mins
Brain Activity
Measurements
EEG
Electroencephalograph
measures electrical potentials by synchronicity
net avg of all neuron activity
EMG
Electromyogram
electrical potential recorded from electrode placed on muscle
detects muscle movement
EOG
Electro-oculogram
electrical potential recorded from electrode placed around eye
detects eye movements
REM Sleep
Alpha
Relaxation
Smooth, 8-12Hz
Beta
Arousal
Fairly slow, 13-30Hz
Theta
Stage 1 & REM
3.5-7.5 Hz
Delta
Stage 3 & 4
Less than 4Hz
Wakefulness & Arousal
Neurotransmitters
ACh
Key player, keeps you awake but triggers REM
Pons & Basal Forebrain
produce activation & cortical desynchrony
Faster REM
NE
Keeps you awake
Catecholamine agonists produce arousal & sleeplessness
Locus Coeruleus in dorsal pons
5-HT
Activates Behavior
Raphe Nuclei
NE & 5HT disrupts REM
Physiological Mechanisms
Hypocretin
Peptide (orexin) produced by neurons located in hypothalamus
Orexin = motivation to stay awake
Destruction = narcolepsy
VLPA
Group of GABA neurons in preoptic area, activity suppresses alertness & behavioral arousal, promotes sleep
Destruction = total insomnia, coma, death in rats
Endogenous Cycles
Endogenous: generated by body
Circadian Rhythm
wakefulness & sleep
hormones secretion
Circannual Rhythm
mostly in animals
Allows conservation of energy for future possible events
Sleep Abnormalities
Insomnia
Onset, Maintenance, Termination
Sleep Apnea
Inability to breathe while asleep
Narrow Airway (obese)
Brain mechanisms for respiration fail (elderly)
Narcolepsy
Sudden attacks of sleepiness
Hypnagogic hallucinations
ACh, Orexin deficiency
Pemoline (Cylert)/Ritalin may relieve sleep but cause other problems
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Involuntary movement of limbs
Middle age & elderly
Tranquilizers sometimes
REM Behavior Disorder
Vigorous movement during REM
Night Terrors
Sleep Talking/Walking
SCN Damage
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Part of hypothalamus, bilateral
Source of endogenous rhythm
Damage = inconsistent rhythm, no light/dark synchrony
Chemical Control
Adenosine
Produces Sleepiness
Caffeine inhibits
Prostoglandins
Promotes Sleep
Inhibits Hypothalamus cells that + arousal
Basal Forebrain & Hypothalamus
Promotes sleep, release GABA
Prolonged wakefulness if damaged
Anesthesia increases GABA receptors
Function of Sleep
Repair & Restoration
Repair itself after exertions of the day
Evolutionary
Sleep conserves energy to search for food & keep safe from predators
Brain Structures of Wakefulness & Arousal
Reticular Formation
Medulla > Forebrain
Lesions = v arousal
NE
Pontomesencephalon
Stimulation = + arousal
Locus Coeruleus
In pons
Important for info storage (hippocampus)
Mostly inactive during sleep (why we forget dreams)
Basal Forebrain & Axons
To thalamus & cerebral cortex
+ Arousal
Damage = Alzheimers
ACh
Hypothalamus
Stimulates arousal w histamine
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