Music Concepts

Music Concepts

Renaissance (1450 - 1600)
1. Vocal
  1. Sacred
    1. Plainchants: no accomp, Catholic, no regular time metre, organum
      1. (organum: two parts moving together, the same distance apart)
    2. Mass: polyphonic, Catholic, Latin, Kyrie etc
    3. Motet: polyphonic, Latin, no Kyrie etc
    4. Anthem: like a Motet but in English, a capella or with an organ accomp
  2. Secular
    1. Madrigal: several voices, through composed, polyphonic, word-painting
    2. Ballett: strophic, 'fa la la', more homophonic than madrigal
    3. Ayre/Air: simple melody, solo with accomp or voices (harmony) with no accomp
2. Instrumental
  1. Pavan: dance, steady, 2 beats in a bar
  2. Galliard: dance, lively, 3 beats in a bar
3. General Sound
  1. modal but a few accidentals, rich, harmony and imitation, textures blending
Baroque (1600 - 1750)
1. Vocal
  1. Sacred
    1. Oratorio: large, vocals & instruments, like an opera
    2. Cantata: small oratorio, closes with chorale
    3. Chorale: hymn tune, German, SATB, homophonic
    4. Passion: German, about crucifixion
  2. Secular
    1. Opera: recitatives, arias, choruses
    2. Recitative: sung/speech, story telling, accomp
    3. Aria: song
      1. Da Capo Aria: ABA ternary, 2nd A singer decorates
    4. (recitatives etc also in sacred - oratorio)
2. Instrumental
  1. Concerto Grosso: large, concertino, ripieno, antiphonal
  2. Concerto: solo with orchestral accomp, ritornello
  3. Chaconne/Passacaglia: dances, variation ground bass
  4. Fugue, 3 or 4 parts, imitation, contrapuntal
    1. 1) Subject: main theme, tonic key
    2. 2) Answer: imitation of main theme, dominant key
      1. Real Answer: note for note transposition of the subject
      2. Tonal Answer: intervals altered to avoid dissonance
    3. 3) Episodes: subject not played
    4. Stretto: voices/instruments enter v. quickly one after the other
  5. Oveture: short intro
    1. Italian Overture: 3 movements. fast slow fast, often trumpet
    2. French Overture: 2 movements, slow to fast, 2 beats to 3, sometimes slows again
  6. Suite
    1. Allemande: 4/4, moderate
      1. Courante: 3/2 or 6/4, quite fast
        Saraband: 2nd beat emphasised, triple time
        Gigue: 3/4or 6/8 or 9/8, moderate/fast
        Minuet: triple metre, moderate
        Bourree: 2/4, lively
  7. Prelude: instrumental, intro
    1. Chorale Prelude: short, organ, intro for congregation singing
3. General Sound
  1. polyphonic, major & minor, ornaments
Classical (1750 - 1820)
1. Sonata: solo piano or solo inst. and piano
2. Sonata Form
  1. Exposition: 2 contrasting themes
    1. Development: ideas developed
      1. Recapitulation: repeats exposition with slight changes
        Coda: end, fancy
3. Scherzo: joke, lively, quick
4. Requiem Mass: mass for the dead
5. General Sound
  1. more homophonic than Baroque, dynamics, bigger orchestra
Romantic (1810 - 1910)
1. Instrumental
  1. Programme Music: tells a story
    1. Symphonic/Tone Poem: orchestral, based on a story
      1. Nationalist: patriotic, traditional/folk elements
        Late Romantic: Huge scale choirs/orchestras
2. Vocal
  1. Lied: solo voice & piano, both equally important, German
    1. Song Cycle: a group of songs linked by common theme or same composer, piano or ensemble or orchestral accomp
      1. Spechgesang: weird, speech song
        (also instrumental) Leitmotiv: musical idea/theme that represents a character
3. General Sound
  1. intensely emotional with dramatic contrasts
20th Century
1. Impressionism: whole tone scales, dreamy
  1. Jazz Influence: syncopation, blues notes, muted brass
    1. Jazz Funk: jazz improv, solos & riffs, funk, R & B, soul
      1. Atonality: no key, tuneless
        Serialism: 12 numbered notes of chromatic scale (tone row), transposed inverted or played in retrograde but always in the same order
        Neo-Classicism: classical style with more dissonance etc
        Musique Concrete: natural sounds transformed
        Aleatory Music: disorganised, sections played in what order the performers choose (individually)
        Minimalism: simple 'tune' constantly repeated with slight variation
Melodic
1. Harmonic Minor: regular minor scale
  1. Melodic Minor: played differently on the way down
    1. Microtone: smaller than a semi-tone
      1. Tritone: interval of augmented 4th eg C to F
        Ornaments
        Mordent: 3 notes, main above main or main below main
        Turn: 4 notes, above main below main or vice versa
        Appoggiatura: sounds podgy, takes up 1/2 note value
        Acciaccatura: sounds crushed, v. quick
Harmonic
1. Plagal Cadence: sounds finished, 'amen'
  1. Interrupted Cadence: not finished
2. Added 6th: 6th note added to normal chord, jazz music
3. Dominant 7th: needs to be resolved
4. Diminished Chord: beginning of 'I Will Survive'
5. Major 7th: jazzy, dreamy
6. Augmented Chord: not used to sound, slightly dissonant, needs to go somewhere
Rythmic
1. Irregular Metres: frequent change in time signature, accents in different places
2. Three Against Two: triplets vs quavers
3. Hemiola: classical, impression of change from duple to triple time or vice versa
4. Augmentation: lengthening note value, music sounds slower
5. Diminution: shortening note value, music seems quicker
Structural
1. Basso Continuo: Baroque bass line, cello bassoon bass etc
  1. Ritornello: little return
    1. Antiphonal: sort of call and response
      1. Inversion: music is mirroredeg treble clef C E D to bass clef C B A
        Retrograde: goes backwards
        Retrograde Inversion: backwards and upside down
Timbre
1. Concertino: small group of instruments, Baroque
  1. Consort: small group of instruments from the same family (eg viols), renaissance
    1. Coloratura: scales, runs and ornaments by a singer
      1. Harmonics: v. high note on string instruments
        Cadenza: soloists 'showing off' in a concerto with no accomp

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	Created by Rosie:) almost 11 years ago