Gender Dysphoria

Annotations:

• linked to mental illness which is linked to childhood trauma or maladaptive upbringing. 

1. Coates (1991)

   Annotations:

   • Case Study - boy with GID.  Defensive reaction to mothers depression following an abortion.  child was 3 - sensitive to gender issues. May have lead to a cross-gender fantasy to resolve anxiety
2. AO2/IDA
   1. Coates (1997)

      Annotations:

      • 435 ppt with gender dysphoria  range of conditions no greater than general population - so suggests unrelated to trauma/pathological families.
      1. Reliability

         Annotations:

         • A more valid study discounts Coates (1991) case study - more ppt. and more empirical measures (using DSM diagnosis). 
   2. Case Studies

      Annotations:

      • Abonrmal individuals so not applicable beyond findings (low population validity)  Researcher-ppt. relationships = bais ethics
   3. Socially senstive

      Annotations:

      • Grouping GID and other psychiatric conditions could be fatalistic for people experiencing GID (self-fulfilling prophesy)  Reductionist - no inclusion of biology - blames parents/child 

1. Stoller (1975)

   Annotations:

   • GID results from distorted parental attitudes.  Clinical interviews -  individuals with GID displayed overly-close mother-son relationships.  Greater female identification and confused identity. 
2. AO2/IDA
   1. Zucker (1996)

      Annotations:

      • 115 male with gender identity issues and also their mothers.  Those diagnosed with GID - 64% diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder also.  just 38% with sub-clinical symptoms.  Suggests mother-son attachment is a factor 
   2. Alpha-biased

      Annotations:

      • Only MtF explained, FtM discounted 
   3. Reductionist

      Annotations:

      • Only MtF not FtM. Can not completely rely on mother-son relationship, as only 64%.