CeMAP 1: Financial Regulation

1. Changes in taxation affect the market for financial services and products in two main ways:

   Annotations:

   • 1) increased general taxation reduces the amount of money available for investment or to fund loan repayments;
   • 2) tightening of the taxation regime for particular products makes them less attractive to investors. An example of this is the government’s decision, in 1998, to remove the right of pension fund managers to reclaim tax deducted from dividends received.The effect of this step is that pension funds are now taxed on a proportion of their income, whereas previously they were effectively tax-free. Although this move was clearly made in order to bring in more tax revenue, it seems to be in conflict with the government’s acknowledged need to persuade individuals to contribute more towards their own pension provision.
   • It is worth mentioning that, with many of the more popular investment schemes, such as unit trusts and investment trusts, there are two possible levels at which taxation can occur: the fund managers can be taxed and the investor can be taxed. It is essential to view both aspects when assessing the tax position of an investment.
   1. financial services
   2. products

Annotations:

• Whether or not a person is liable to pay income tax, capital gains tax and inheritance tax will depend on the taxpayer’s residence or domicile according to UK law.

1. Residence

   Annotations:

   • Residence mainly affects income tax and capital gains tax.Any person who is present in the UK for at least 183 days in a given tax year is regarded as automatically UK-resident for tax purposes.Where someone is not resident for at least 183 days in a tax year the statutory residence test is applied.This determines whether or not they will be treated as resident for a particular tax year.The nature and conditions of the tests are complex.
   • income tax and capital gains tax
   • present in the UK for at least 183 days in a given tax year is regarded as automatically UK-resident for tax purposes
   • Where someone is not resident for at least 183 days in a tax year the statutory residence test is applied.
   1. income tax
      1. worldwide

         Annotations:

         • earned and unearned income
         • whether or not such income is brought into the UK
   2. capital gains tax

      Annotations:

      • ...charged on the realisation of gains
      • anywhere in the world.
   3. double taxation agreements

      Annotations:

      • the purpose of which is to ensure that....
      • individuals are not taxed....
      • twice....
      • on the same income or gains.
2. Domicile

   Annotations:

   • e is best described as....
   • e is best described as....
   • their home
   1. domicile of origin