Crime and Punishment -History

1000c-1500c
1. Crime
  1. Saxon Laws
    1. England was divided into 7 kingdoms, each with it's own king, and laws.
    2. Laws had two main aims: to protect landowners' property, and minimise violence.
    3. A king would consult his nobles, and bishops before processing a law.
    4. A person could claim wergild which meant bloodshed would be compensated for through a fine
      1. This was mainly to stop blood feuds
  2. The middle ages
    1. Theft and pickpocketing became more popular
    2. People who made laws were the ones in power; the wealthy
    3. Many more ordinary people started to commit petty crimes
  3. The Norman Conquest
    1. William sometimes used brutal methods to ensure that the english follow his laws.
    2. He introduced forest laws
      1. It meant that someone couldn't hunt on the king's land.
    3. Castles were built across the country to show norman power
    4. William used the death penalty for serious crimes
  4. Outlaws
    1. Gangs were feared and stole from anyone
    2. Outlaws mainly kept the money rather than distributing it to the poor.
    3. Outlaws regularly used violence to get their way
    4. Many gangs would evade capture due to their wealthy connections
2. Punishment
  1. Medieval punishment and law enforcemnt
    1. Treason, arson, and betraying your lord were capital offences.
    2. Maiming was used for punishment
    3. A person who didn't attend court was known as an outlaw
    4. all men over the age of 12 belonged in a tithing.
      1. Each man was responsible for group behaviour.
    5. The hue and cry was used which meant the entire village would join the hunt.
    6. Parish constables were appointed in 1250, they were not paid.
  2. Trials
    1. Trials took place in front of juries of local people
    2. Trial by ordeal was used as God would decide one's guilt.
      1. It was abolished in 1215
    3. Trial by hot iron and trial by hot water are examples of trial by ordeal
  3. The church
    1. The church had increased influence after the Norman invasion
    2. Punishment should be able to reform
    3. All clergy could be tried in a church court.
    4. Nobody could be arrested if they were in church
      1. Known as the right of sanctuary
  4. Punishment
    1. Country courts were held by justices of the peace.
    2. Capital punishment was the most common punishment in royal courts.
    3. Punishments were carried out in public
    4. Prisons were used for those awaiting trial
    5. The stocks, pillory and whipping were also used.
1500-1700
1. Crime
  1. Factors affecting crime rate
    1. They saw an increase in crime
    2. New laws known as the bloody code
    3. Taxes were high because of wars
    4. A stronger government meant lower crime rates
  2. Why did crime increase
    1. There was an increase in population
      1. More poeple moved to urban areas
    2. Increase in unemployment
      1. More begging and Elizabeth I passed laws against begging
    3. Trade and roads inproved
      1. Highwaymen
    4. Reduction of common land
      1. More poaching
    5. Trade resctrictions
      1. Smuggling
  3. Begging and vagrancy
    1. The Vagabonds and Beggars act 1494
    2. Rulers felt to harshly punish to deter others from crime.
    3. Beggars were seen as threats.
    4. Deserving beggars were ill so they were allowed to beg
      1. Sturdy beggars were lazy and punished
  4. Treason
    1. Became more common after 1485
    2. Changing religion of the monarchs
    3. Public excecution
2. Punishment
  1. The bloody code
    1. They increased the number of crimes carrying the death penalty.
    2. Flogging and hanging were public to deter
    3. From 1688-1823 the capital offences rose from 50 to over 200.
    4. Didn't work
    5. House of corrections AKA the first prisons
    6. Transportation; late 1700s
  2. Policing
    1. 1663- Watchmen were paid to patrol london
    2. Parish officers were known as constables
    3. Thief takers were paid by victims to catch criminals but many of them were criminals themselves.
  3. Trials and jury
    1. Minor cases were held by justices of the peace
    2. Serious crimes were seen by royal judges who could sentence the death penalty.
    3. Punishments would vary depending on class and gender of the criminal
  4. Gunpowder plot
    1. Famous example of treason
    2. Nov 5 1965
    3. They wanted a catholic monarch
    4. They put gunpowder under the cellar in parliament
    5. They were tortured and sentenced to death.
1700-1900
1. Crime
  1. changes in society
    1. Many people moved from the country side to the towns
    2. Petty theft was the most common crime
  2. Reasons for increse in crime
    1. Extreme poverty
    2. Professional gangs in urban areas; overcrowded areas
  3. Industrialisation
    1. Factories developed
      1. more jobs
        increase in population
    2. Increase in street theft, burglary, public disorder.
    3. Prostitution increased.
    4. Chartists protested conditions for workers
    5. 1715- riot act made it a capital offence for more than 12 people to group together.
  4. crimes against authority
    1. The French revolution made upper classes worried the same may happen in England
    2. People wanted reforms like the right to vote.
    3. 1833- Tolpuddle martyrs
      1. sentenced to 7 years of transportation
      2. Returned in 1836
    4. Protesters were treated harshly
  5. Crimes against person
    1. Violent crimes decreased
    2. 1850s- 'garroters' who would rob and strangle people
    3. 1888- Jack the Ripper in whitechapel
  6. Smuggling
    1. Increased during 1740-1850
    2. It was a social crime
    3. Made big profits
    4. Decreased after 1850 as tax imported goods were cut
2. Punishment
  1. Bow street runners
    1. Watchmen patrolled at night and Parish constables dealt with petty crime
    2. Set up by John and Henry Fielding in 1750
    3. Basically first police force
    4. Robert peel, reduced the number of death penalties.
    5. London was increasing there weren't enough patrols
  2. Introduction to the police
    1. 1829- Metropolitan Police Act
    2. 1856- Became compulsory for all counties to have a police force
    3. 1842- Detective department was set up
    4. At first the public disliked the police
  3. Transportation
    1. During the 17th and 18th centuries they transported people to colonial countries
    2. It was a deterrent
    3. It was hard labour
    4. Prisons were over crowded
    5. it was abolished in 1868
  4. Prisons
    1. Death Penalty became less acceptable so people were jailed instead
    2. The separate and silent systems isolated prisoners and they did hard labour
    3. People had to pay to be released from prison
  5. Prison reformers
    1. John Howard was a reformer shocked by conditions
    2. They wanted improved health and sanitation, and better warders
    3. Robert Peel set up the 1823 Gaol Act to pay gaolers
    4. Elizabeth Fry set up education classes to reform prisoners
1900- Present
1. Punishment
  1. Technology
    1. Policing has improved with technology
    2. CCTV
    3. Forensic science
    4. Transport: police cars
  2. Policing changes
    1. Now work worldwide
    2. Motorised transport
    3. Multicultural + Women
    4. 1982-Neighbourhood watch scheme
    5. Community engagement through social media
  3. Special Police Units
    1. CID - Criminal Investigations department
    2. DNA - prevent terrorism
    3. NCA- national crime agency
    4. Traffic department
  4. Capital Punishment
    1. Last used 1964
    2. Abolished 1965
    3. Many of the innocent were murdered.
  5. New punishments
    1. Rehabilitation of criminals
    2. Community service
    3. Treatment programmes for addicts
    4. electronic tagging
  6. Prison
    1. Education is available
    2. Prisoners can be released on probation
    3. 1948-corporal punishments in prisons were abolished
    4. 1982- Youth detention centres were set up
2. Crime
  1. Crime rates
    1. More reliant on technology
    2. More things classed as crimes
    3. Violent crimes and anti-social behaviour
    4. Victims are more likely to report
  2. Older criems
    1. Driving offences, vandalism, burglary
    2. Disturbances with anti-social behaviour
    3. Drug smuggling
  3. New crimes
    1. Sex discrimination, hacking, traffic crime, and race crimes are all new
    2. Motor crimes
    3. People trafficking
      1. Criminal Gangs
    4. Cyber crimes
      1. fraud online
    5. Terrorism
      1. IRA
      2. Al Qaeda
    6. 1965- Race relations act

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Crime and Punishment -History

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