Equine and Porcine Digestive Tract

Description

Animal Disease 1 Veterinary Medicine Mind Map on Equine and Porcine Digestive Tract, created by Louise Mason on 25/02/2017.
Louise Mason
Mind Map by Louise Mason, updated more than 1 year ago
Louise Mason
Created by Louise Mason over 7 years ago
47
1

Resource summary

Equine and Porcine Digestive Tract
  1. Equine Abdominal Viscera
    1. simple stomach

      Annotations:

      • stomach is small in comparison to the rest of the GI tract and is designed for small and frequent meals
      1. midgut fermenter

        Annotations:

        • large fermentative caecum and expanded colon structure
        1. sensitive pH in colon

          Annotations:

          • too much grain/feed = increase in starch in the stomach that reduces the pH and kills microbes, leading to stomach ache
        2. poor absorption of vitamins

          Annotations:

          • byproducts of digestion and so there isn't time to absorb these nutrients before they are passed out of the colon
          1. Stomach
            1. relatively small
              1. Large non-glandular region

                Annotations:

                • dirty white in color
                • high pH and lack of digestion/glandular excretion means that botfly larvae can thrive here and are often seen via larvae carcasses or the holes of burrows within the fundus
                1. saccus caecus/fundus
                  1. stratified squamous epithelium
                    1. blind sac
                      1. high pH
                      2. Glandular Region

                        Annotations:

                        • yellowish in color
                        1. fundic

                          Annotations:

                          • production of acid and gas
                          1. simple columnar epithelium
                          2. Margo Plicatus

                            Annotations:

                            • pleated margin/ridge that separates the two regions of the stomach
                            1. well developed oblique cardiac sphincter

                              Annotations:

                              • unable to vomit
                              • can cause gastric dilation due to a build up of gas and fermenting/non broken down ingesta
                            2. Spleen
                              1. sickle shaped

                                Annotations:

                                • base, apex, cranial and caudal border
                                1. curved apex points cranially, found ventrally
                                  1. hilus found on the visceral side
                                    1. left side of the abdomen
                                      1. nephrosplenic ligament

                                        Annotations:

                                        • attaches the spleen to the left kidney
                                        1. gastrosplenic ligament

                                          Annotations:

                                          • attaches the spleen to the stomach, found within the greater omentum on the gastric surface
                                        2. Caecum
                                          1. right side of the abdomen
                                            1. mesenteric attachment to dorsal body wall

                                              Annotations:

                                              • patch of dorsal caecum is retroperitoneal
                                              1. apex associated with xiphoid process
                                                1. base near right paralumbar fossa
                                                  1. comma shaped
                                                  2. all ingesta passes through
                                                    1. ileocaecal and caecocolic junctions

                                                      Annotations:

                                                      • ileum opens directly into the caecum (ileocaecal fold within the mesentery)
                                                      1. 4 taeniae

                                                        Annotations:

                                                        • longitudinal muscular bands across the structure, creates sacculations/haustra
                                                        1. large fermentation vat

                                                          Annotations:

                                                          • main site of fermentation in the horse
                                                        2. Colon

                                                          Annotations:

                                                          • Large Colon = ascending Small Colon = transverse and descending
                                                          1. Ascending
                                                            1. Right Ventral Colon
                                                              1. up to sternal flexure

                                                                Annotations:

                                                                • right up to the diaphragm
                                                                1. 4 taeniae
                                                                2. Left Ventral Colon
                                                                  1. up to pelvic flexure

                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                    • free standing and doesn't attach to anything
                                                                    1. 4 taeniae
                                                                      1. narrowing at flexure
                                                                        1. intercolic ligament only

                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                          • the LVC and LDC are only attached to each other by the intercolic ligament and so are very mobile within the abdomen
                                                                          • commonly prone to left colon displacement as a result of increased mobility
                                                                        2. Left Dorsal Colon
                                                                          1. 1 taeniae at flexure
                                                                            1. 3 taeniae cranially

                                                                              Annotations:

                                                                              • band widens from the narrow pelvic flexure
                                                                              1. up to diaphragmatic flexure

                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                • sits dorsal to the sternal flexure
                                                                                1. Right Dorsal Colon
                                                                                  1. up to transverse colon
                                                                                    1. 3 taeniae
                                                                                  2. Descending
                                                                                    1. 3 taeniae
                                                                                      1. left side
                                                                                    2. Rectal Examinations
                                                                                      1. caudal third of the abdomen
                                                                                        1. Aorta
                                                                                          1. Base of the Caecum
                                                                                            1. Pelvic Flexure
                                                                                              1. faecal balls in descending colon
                                                                                                1. LVC and LDC

                                                                                                  Annotations:

                                                                                                  • with intercolic ligament between them
                                                                                                  1. Caudal pole of the Spleen
                                                                                                    1. Left Kidney

                                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                                      • only the caudal aspect of the kidney in smaller horses
                                                                                                      1. Nephrosplenic Ligament

                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                        • should be able to feel the ligament and a space between the spleen and kidney (common site of left colon displacement)
                                                                                                        1. Root of Mesentery

                                                                                                          Annotations:

                                                                                                          • if the mesojejunoileum is twisted, the root of the mesentery will feel very rigid and out of place
                                                                                                          1. only feel small intestines if dilated
                                                                                                        2. Porcine Abdominal Viscera
                                                                                                          1. Stomach
                                                                                                            1. monogastric
                                                                                                              1. greater omentum is not very developed and has no yellow color

                                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                                • no tunica flava: doesn't have the same yellow elastic fibres as seen within other large animal abdominal anatomy
                                                                                                                • greater omentum not seen upon incision as it has not attachments to the intestines and abdominal floor
                                                                                                                1. Non Glandular Region
                                                                                                                  1. stratified squamous epithelium
                                                                                                                    1. Left Side of the Abdomen

                                                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                                                      • fundus and corpus on left side, related to the liver and diaphragm
                                                                                                                    2. Glandular Region
                                                                                                                      1. simple columnar glandular epithelium
                                                                                                                        1. Cardiac
                                                                                                                          1. Diverticulum

                                                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                                                            • projects caudally from the fundus, species specific
                                                                                                                          2. Torus Pyloricus

                                                                                                                            Annotations:

                                                                                                                            • narrows the pyloric canal
                                                                                                                            • extends within the pylorus to the right side of the abdomen
                                                                                                                          3. Caecum
                                                                                                                            1. base near left kidney
                                                                                                                              1. sweeps ventrocaudally onto left side

                                                                                                                                Annotations:

                                                                                                                                • species anomaly, all other species have a caecum on the right hand side
                                                                                                                                • moves along left flank
                                                                                                                              2. 3 taeniae
                                                                                                                              3. Colon
                                                                                                                                1. development
                                                                                                                                  1. twisting of colon and jejunoileum
                                                                                                                                    1. ascending colon twists independently

                                                                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                                                                      • into a conical spiral around its mesentery
                                                                                                                                      1. limbs develop at different rates

                                                                                                                                        Annotations:

                                                                                                                                        • as different limbs of the ascending colon develop at different rates, it causes the vortex or conical spiral to be created
                                                                                                                                      2. Ascending
                                                                                                                                        1. lies against left flank
                                                                                                                                          1. cone points ventrally towards the abdominal floor
                                                                                                                                            1. Centripetal Coils
                                                                                                                                              1. proximal
                                                                                                                                                1. outer turns
                                                                                                                                                  1. wide and sacculated
                                                                                                                                                    1. descending dropping down into te vertex
                                                                                                                                                    2. Centrifugal Coils
                                                                                                                                                      1. distal
                                                                                                                                                        1. inner turns
                                                                                                                                                          1. narrow and smooth
                                                                                                                                                            1. tighter coils
                                                                                                                                                              1. emerge dorsally, pass to the right of the root of the mesentery
                                                                                                                                                                1. ascending curling up to the roof of the abdomen
                                                                                                                                                                2. 2 taeniae
                                                                                                                                                              2. Spleen
                                                                                                                                                                1. lies under LHS caudal ribs
                                                                                                                                                                  1. gastrosplenic ligament

                                                                                                                                                                    Annotations:

                                                                                                                                                                    • attaches the spleen to the stomach
                                                                                                                                                                    1. contact with diaphragm

                                                                                                                                                                      Annotations:

                                                                                                                                                                      • on the parietal surface
                                                                                                                                                                      1. ventral/caudal emergence from costal arch
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