Swelling in the leg

13 year old Rani, Diagnosed with osteocarcinoma
Anatomy of the thigh
1. Anterior compartment
2. Medial compartment
3. Posterior compartment
4. Nerves,Vein,& Artery
Histology of Bones
1. 4 cell types make up osseous tissues
  1. Osteoclasts
  2. Osteoprogenitor cells
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoblasts
2. Types of bones
  1. Compact Bone
  2. Spongy Bone
  3. Woven bones
Radiology Anatomy
Diagnosing Bone tumors
1. Imaging test
  1. Rdionuclide Bone scans
  2. MRI
  3. X-rays
  4. CT Scans
  5. PET Scans
2. Biopsy
  1. 2 types
    1. Needle Biopsy
    2. Open Biopsy
  2. Bone Biopsy
    1. Procedure in which Bone samples are removed to find out if cancer or other abnormal cells are present
    2. Risks of Bone Biopsy
      1. Excessive Bleeding
      2. Damage to surrounding tissue
      3. Bone fractures
      4. Infection
Features of Benign & Malignant Tumors
1. Benign
  1. Geographic bone destruction
  2. Well defined margins
  3. Thicker sclerotic margins
  4. Thickening of the periosteum
2. Malignant
  1. Moth eaten pattern of Bone destruction
  2. Permeative Bone destruction
  3. Poorly defined margins
  4. Codman's Triangle
Classification of bone tumors
1. Benign
  1. Osteochondroma
  2. Osteoid osteoma
  3. Osteoblastoma
  4. Giant Cell tumor
2. Metastasis
  1. Cancers that commonly spreads to bone
    1. Breast cancer
    2. Lung cancer
    3. Prostate cancer
3. Malignant
  1. Chondrosarcoma
  2. Ewing's sarcoma
  3. Osteosarcoma
Pathological features of benign & malignant tumors
1. Osteosarcoma
2. Osteoid osteoma
3. Osteoma
4. Osteochondroma
5. Ewing sarcoma
Treatment of osteosarcoma
1. Surgery Amputation
2. Limb saving surgery
3. Chemotherpy
  1. Most treated with chemo before surgery(neo-adjuvant),after treatment(adjuvant)
  2. Methotrexate, doxorubicin,topotecan
4. External Beam radiation therapy
Consent
1. It protects the doctor from accusations, law suits and defamation
2. It's important for individuals autonomy
3. Exceptions: Minors,Mentally challenged...
4. Substitute consent giver is a person able to give consent on behalf of the patient
Common reactions to Trauma in teen agers
1. Depression
2. Disturbed sleeping patterns
3. Anhedonia
4. Solitary behaviour
5. Difficulty with concentration

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Swelling in the leg

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	Created by Abdullah Al Sadah over 7 years ago