The DTM describes a
sequence of changes over
a period of time in the
relationship between birth
and death rates and
overall population change.
Tin
Tin is a heavy metal and it is found in igneous rocks. It is
recyclable and can be found in Cornwall, China and Indonesia.
Tin declined because of the high const of
extraction and low world prices making
extraction unprofitable. Tin deposits became
part of general resource stock.
In 2004, prices soared. Cornwall attracted
mining companies. 2007, south Crofty
reopened - £50 million investment. 250 new
skilled jobs.
Wind Energy
Wind energy is
increasing because it
is carbon neutral and
renewable.
The best locations to harness this
energy is Rhane in France, Ebro in
Spain, Greece and Turkey.
The negatives of wind energy is that
manufacturing, transportation and
construction of turbines releases
CO2.
Uranium
Provides raw material for nuclear weapons.
Uranium 235. It was first used to colour
glass. We can control nuclear fission inside a
nuclear reactor to generate electricity. 17% of
world's electricity is powered through the
use of uranium.
Sustainable
Processes
Substitution: the use of
common/less valuable
resources in place of
rare/expensive resources.
Beneficiation: upgrading of a resource
that was previously too costly eg.
renewable energy.
Maximisation: use of a
variety of methods that
avoid waste and increase
production of a resource.
Recycling:
reprocessing waste
materials.
Quotas: a limited
or fixed number or
amount of people
or things.
Rationing: a
fixed allowance
of provisions or
food.
Reasons for
variation in energy
supply
Physical
Relief, availability of
resource, location.
Economic
Money, location , foreign
investment.
Political
Permission,
international
agreements.
Water Supply in Western USA
The Reclamation Act allowed the
building of dams, canals and HEP
systems in the states in the west.
The Colordao River: source in Colorado,
mouth in Mexico. Divided into upper and
lower course in 1992.
The problems arising about the river's
resources is that the demand in more
than the supply. And the annual flow
has reduced.
CAP was the Central Arizona
Project. $4 billion investment to
divert water from the river.
Completed in 1992.
Stregies used to conserve water:
recycling water in industry, more
efficient toilet systems, changing from
highly water dependent crops to less
dependent crops.
Varying
demand for
resources
MEDC: low population growth but high
standard of living. Resource use
increases but technological advances and
recycling provide resource efficiencies.
NIC: rate of population
growth is declining but
industrialisation leads
to rapidly rising rates
of resource use.
LEDC: high rate of
population growth
but poverty is a
severe constraint on
resource
consumption.
Optimists/Pessimists
Neo-Malthusian's
Population increase -> demand for food -> increased mortality ->
decreased fertility -> decrease in population growth.
Anti- Malthusian's
Population increase -> demand for food -> improvement in
technology -> population growth continues.
Common
Fisheries
Policy
Management of the
fishery industry in the
EU. Regulates
commercial, social and
environmental aspects
of the industry.
Tragedy of the commons is
ownership of a resource leading to
over-exploitation. TACs have solved
this.
2003 introduced - total allowable
catches, conservation, new vessels,
sustainable aquaculture.
Total allowable catches is a set
maximum quantity of fish that can be
caught each year.
Common Agricultural
Policy
Was introduced in the early
1960s, following a time when
Western Europe's agriculture
had been heavily damaged by
years of war and food supplies
could not be guaranteed. CAP
guaranteed minimum crop
prices and quotas on certain
goods.
2003 - The new "single farm
payments" are subject to
"cross-compliance" conditions
relating to environmental, food
safety and animal welfare
standards. The aim is to make
more money available for
environmental quality or animal
welfare programmes.
10 new countries joined the EU - they have a
greater dependency on farming as a source of
income and employment.
World trade organisation: heavily criticised CAP.
External tariffs denies LEDCs fair access to the
large EU food markets.