VERBS in the Present Tense
The present tense is used in two cases:1) When you want to talk about something that is happening now.2) When you want to talk about something that happens on a regular basis. The present tense of regular verbs is easy to form. You take the verb in the infinitive (ending AR / ER / IR), take off the AR / ER or IR ending and add on the endings according to whom you want to talk about to the stem. Here are the endings: yo tú él/ella/usted nosotros vosotros ellos/ellas/ustedesHABLAR: Hablo Hablas Habla Hablamos Habláis HablanCOMER: Como Comes Come Comemos Coméis ComenVIVIR: Vivo Vives Vive Vivimos Vivís Viven
VERBS in the Present Continuous Tense
To say what is happening now in Spanish, you can use the Present Continuous. To form this you will need two parts: The present tense of ESTAR and the PRESENT PARTICIPLE. Estoy, Estás, Está, Estamos, Estáis, Están To form the regular present participle you need to remove from the infinitive the –AR or –ER or –IR and then add these endings: -AR verb > add -ANDO for example: hablar > hablando. (speaking) -ER verb > add -IENDO for example: comer > comiendo. (eating) -IR verb > add -IENDO for example: vivir > viviendo. (living) Irregular present participles have a spelling change: Infinitivo Participle Inglés DORMIR DURMIENDO SLEEPING MORIR MURIENDO DYING MENTIR MINTIENDO LYING REIR RIENDO LAUGHING SERVIR SIRVIENDO SERVING DECIR DICIENDO SAYING PREFERIR PREFIRIENDO PREFERING SEGUIR SIGUIENDO FOLLOWING LEER LEYENDO READING CONSTRUIR CONSTRUYENDO BUILDING OIR OYENDO HEARING TRAER TRAYENDO BRINGING IR YENDO GOING Finally you put the part of ESTAR and the PRESENT PARTICIPLE together: For example: I am eating > Estoy comiendo My brother is sleeping > Mi hermana está durmiendo (irregular participle – look at above box)
VERBS in the Perfect Tense
The PERFECT tense is used to talk about something you have done. To form you use the following structure:HABER + past participleThe parts of HABER in the present are: he / has / ha / hemos / habéis / hanThe past participle is formed by adding -ado to the stem of ar verbs, and by adding -ido to the stem of er and ir verbs. Both parts are then put together. Por ejemplo: yo tú él/ella nosotros vosotros ellos/ellasTOMAR: he tomado has tomado ha tomado hemos tomado habéis tomado han tomadoCOMER: he comido has comido ha comido hemos comido habéis comido han comidoVIVIR: he vivido has vivido ha vivido hemos vivido habéis vivido han vivido 2. The Spanish perfect is used just as the English and is translated as ‘I have…’, ‘you have…’, ‘he has…’ etc. Han llegado temprano. They have arrived early. Note - The past participle is invariable – it doesn’t change in spelling, only the corresponding part of HABER changes. Note - The auxiliary HABER is never separated from the past participle. Note – If the sentence is in the negative form, the NO goes before both parts of the perfect tense.3. Some verbs have irregular past participles. These include: Infinitivo Participle Inglés ABRIR ABIERTO OPENED CUBRIR CUBIERTO COVERED DECIR DICHO SAID, TOLD DESCRIBIR DESCRITO DESCRIBED DESCUBRIR DESCUBIERTO DISCOVERED DEVOLVER DEVUELTO RETURNED ESCRIBIR ESCRITO WRITTEN HACER HECHO MADE MORIR MUERTO DIED, DEAD PONER PUESTO PUT, PLACED ROMPER ROTO BROKEN VER VISTO SEEN VOLVER VUELTO RETURNED Note - Compound words based on these roots typically show these same irregularities: Por ejemplo: componer > compuesto deshacer > deshecho oponer > opuesto suponer > supuesto prever > previsto
VERBS in the Imperfect Tense
VERBS in the Preterite Tense
The preterite is used for past actions that are seen as completed. To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the preterite, simply drop the ending (-ar) and add one of the following: Pronoun Ending yo -é tú -aste él/ella/usted -ó nosotros -amos vosotros -asteis ellos/ellas/ustedes -aron To conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in the preterite, simply drop the ending (-er or -ir) and add one of the following: Pronoun Ending yo -í tú -iste él/ella/usted -ió nosotros -imos vosotros -isteis ellos/ellas/ustedes -ieronHere are all three regular preterite verb forms together: yo tú él/ella/usted nosotros vosotros ellos/ellas/ustedesHABLAR: Hablé Hablaste Habló Hablamos Hablasteis HablaronCOMER: Comí Comiste Comió Comimos Comisteis ComieronVIVIR: Viví Viviste Vivió Vivimos Vivisteis Vivieron Note - the nosotros forms for -ar and -ir verbs are the same in both preterite and present tenses: hablamos, vivimos. Most of the common verbs used in the past in Spanish are irregular. Here is a list of some in the Yo form and underneath examples of other parts of the verbs: Yo form Infinitvo Inglés ANDUVE ANDAR TO WALK CUPE CABER TO FIT DI DAR TO GIVE DIJE DECIR TO SAY ESTUVE ESTAR TO BE FUI SER TO BE FUI IR TO GO HUBE HABER TO HAVE HICE HACER TO MAKE/DO PUDE PODER TO BE ABLE PUSE PONER TO PUT QUISE QUERER TO WANT SUPE SABER TO KNOW TUVE TENER TO HAVE TRAJE TRAER TO BRING VINE VENIR TO COME VI VER TO SEEPor ejemplo: El año pasado fui a Barcelona --> Last year I went to BarcelonaLa semana pasada quise ir al cine --> Last week I wanted to go to the cinema¿Qué hiciste? --> What did you do?Mi amigo anduvo al instituto --> My friend walked to schoolVimos la nueva película --> We saw the new filmTuvimos hambre --> We were hungry¿Hicisteis las camas? --> Did you make the beds?Mis padres estuvieron de vacaciones --> My parents were on holidaysLos chicos trajeron un pastel a la fiesta --> The boys took a cake to the party
The imperfect is a past tense in Spanish. Its uses are different from those of the preterite. They are used in different contexts and emphasize the continuation of an action in the past. To form the imperfect tense, remove the infinitive endings (-ar, -er, and -ir) and add the following conjugated endings: yo tú él/ella/usted nosotros vosotros ellos/ellas/ustedesCOMPRAR (to buy): compraba comprabas compraba comprábamos comprabais compraban VENDER (to sell): vendía vendías vendía vendíamos vendíais vendían RECIBIR (to receive): recibía recibías recibía recibíamos recibíais recibían USES OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE The Spanish imperfect tense has several meanings in English; the Spanish imperfect is used to describe actions that occurred repeatedly or habitually in the past. To communicate the same idea in English, the phrases used to or would, past continuous, or simple past are used. The imperfect tense is used to describe physical conditions or characteristics of people and things in the past. It is also used to express ongoing emotional or mental states, desires and opinions in the past. The imperfect is used to express time or age in the past. The imperfect is used with the conjunction mientras/ while to express 2 or more ongoing and simultaneous actions. It is also used to describe a scene in the past. There are only three verbs with irregular forms in the imperfect: ir, ser, and ver. yo tú él/ella/usted nosotros vosotros ellos/ellas/ustedesIR (to go): iba ibas iba íbamos ibais ibanSER (to be): era eras era éramos erais eranVER (to see): veía veías veía veíamos veíais veían
Present Tense
Present continuous tense
Perfect tense
imperfect tense
Preterite
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