Greek/Roman Quiz

Identify and describe the 4 styles of wall decoration. Define Verism and how it affects art – what happens with Verism – why would a man want to appear that way? Identify the name of and explain what the emperors are showing: Augustus, Tetrarchs, Trajan, and Caracalla. What was the miracle material used in the Pantheon? What are three ways this material was used in the dome? Distinguish between the combination of Greek and Etruscan ideas in Roman temples. What are the three themes in Helenistic sculpture? Explain these themes in the three examples: Dying Gaul, Old Market Lady, and Barberini Faun. Compare red and black figure pottery: the technique (which parts are painted), the firing process, and why red was chosen over black. How was the Parthenon perfect (formula) and imperfect at the same time (3 examples of imperfection)? Who was the main sculptor? How does “The Boy” by Kritios fit sever style? Why change from severe to archaic? What differs from the other 3 Kouroi statues (legs, body, look)? Compare the proportion/anatomy, balance, and motion of the following 3 Greek statues: Polyklietos (Doryphoros – spear bearer), Hermes and Dionysus – Praxiteles, and Lysippos (weary Herekles).                                 Identify and describe the 4 styles of wall decoration. First Style – (started by the Greeks) made to look like marble as to appear fancy and impress guests. Placed in public quarters of the house. Second Style – made to extend the room. Looks like it extends past the wall (visual illusions). Atmospheric perspective is introduced (as things get farther away, they get blurrier) Third Style – Small decorative elements on a monochromatic background. Borders, frames, thin columns, swags (similar to a curtain swoop). First Style at bottom. Fourth Style – All 3 styles in one (gaudy). Bright bold colors, unethical architecture depicted, 1st style on bottom, 3rd style in one area. Mosaics, still lifes, and portraits include Define Verism and how it affects art – what happens with Verism – why would a man want to appear that way? Verism – truth In Verism, hyper-realism is portrayed. Every single fold is shown and people are depicted to be older through: hollow cheeks, saggy chin, furrowed brow, lines across neck because being older signified being richer which meant you lived longer. This was to show economic and social status. Identify the name of and explain what the emperors are showing: Augustus, Tetrarchs, Trajan, and Caracalla. Augustus: Never ages in his portraits. His head and face remain the same but can be placed on different bodies and in different poses. Tetrarchs: huddling and have hands on swords – fearful and generic faces Trajan: sad worried eyes – laugh lines – furrowed brow – scraggly beard – bags under eyes -- *weight of office* -- shown handing food to the poor, shown with senate and with military – propaganda Caracalla: short hair, military beard (short), angry furrowed brow What was the miracle material used in the Pantheon? What are three ways this material was used in the dome? Concrete: Base of the dome – 20 foot thick walls, used to construct the oculus at the top of the dome, used to construct the walls of the dome –  coffers (lighten load) thin as they get taller. Distinguish between the combination of Greek and Etruscan ideas in Roman temples. Etruscan: columns in the front, steps in the front, pentagonal columns, blank pediments, cement Greek: steps around entire building, columns all the way around building, marble/stone What are the three themes in Helenistic sculpture? Explain these themes in the three examples: Dying Gaul, Old Market Lady, and Barberini Faun. Three themes: Overt sexuality Evoking emotion Regular/everyday people in sculpture Barberini Faun: all lines on the body point to the genital area (overt sexuality), “manspreading” (nothing left to the imagination) Old Market Lady: half-dressed, old, and open mouth are trying to convey that she is a little crazy and is talking to herself – not caring about her appearance. Just a regular person depicted – not a goddess, not young, not beautiful. Dying Gaul: carrying dead wife, about to stab himself – trying to evoke emotions from the viewer, he is doing the honorable by committing suicide after having lost in a battle. Trying to draw empathy. Compare red and black figure pottery: the technique (which parts are painted), the firing process, and why red was chosen over black. Red figure pottery: You slip the negative space which allows for more detail, more space, and more of a 3D appearance. Red was chosen over black because the red looked more like the people than the black figures did. Black figure pottery: You slip the positive space. The firing process: Allow oxygen into kelm (turns the pottery red) Cut off oxygen (turns pottery black) Any place not slipped when oxygen is let back in, turns red How was the Parthenon perfect (formula) and imperfect at the same time (3 examples of imperfection)? Who was the main sculptor? It was perfect by means of the Golden Rectangle formula (x=2y+1) The main sculptor was Phidias 4 imperfections: the space between the outside columns is larger than the inside, entasis- a swell in the middle of the column, the stylobate is curved, doric on outside and ionic freeze on interior wall. How does “The Boy” by Kritios fit severe style? Why change from severe to archaic? What differs from the other 3 Kouroi statues (legs, body, look)? Severe style represented in “The Boy”: no emotion in faces (no archaic smile) and little to no movement (just standing) Ponderation – weight shift in hips – leaning on right leg His looks are more realistic and natural, although still idealistic The other three Kouroi statues are disproportionate and also have more movement Compare the proportion/anatomy, balance, and motion of the following 3 Greek statues: Polyklietos (Doryphoros – spear bearer), Hermes and Dionysus – Praxiteles, and Lysippos (weary Herekles). Polyklietos – Doryphoros – spear bearer: mathematically perfect male body, Polyklietus breaks down the body into proportions, ponderation in hips, spear in left arm (flexed bicep), right arm relaxed Praxiteles – Hermes and the Infant Dionysus: ponderation in hips, contrapposto (hips one way, and shoulders the other), baby Dionysus reaching for ?grapes?, Hermes teasing a kid, torso too long, and face too narrow Lysippos – Weary Herakles: very large proportions, tired, “body fits the man”