Psych Test 1

Chronoscope-Immediate perception vs. awareness of perception-Measurable difference"Obedience to Authority" ExperimentEthics/role of IRBs and informed consent-minimal risk for participants-confidentiality-IRB: group evaluation of research programs; consideration of ethics, legality, and fundingValidity-Results match "reality" or "truth" Internal: Results can be interpreted accurately and confidently External: Results can be applied to other populations Threats: Reliability-Consistency of results over repeated trials Internal: Results are similar with different data, anylasis, and interpertation External: Results are the same with other populations, can be repeated Randomization Important because: generalize findings When used? Achieved how? Descriptive research methods Case Study: -studying one person -strength=comprehensive, detailed in depth, change over time -weakness=can't externalize results Survey: -describes, compares, & relates variables of populations by administering "survey" Naturalistic Observation Correctional Coefficient How do we interpret "r"? positive "r" means both variables increase while a negative "r" means one decreases while the other increases Data plotting and graph interpretation: Definition of an experiment: different from correlation: "affects/effects", causation not just correlating information Independent variable: Manipulated in experiment Dependent variable: a measurable variable that demonstrates cause & effect Operationalizing (defining) variables: Interpreting data-the "effect of x" Types of experiments Post-Test only control group design: RG1 x O1 RG2 -- O2 (control) Pre-Test--Post-Test control group design: RG1 O1xO2 RG2 O3--O4 (control) Solomon Four Group design: RG1 O1xO2 RG2 O3--O4 RG3-- x O5 RG4-- --O6 The dual processing functions of our brains Right hemisphere: Images/pictures, sensory input, present, euphoria/nirvana/peace Left hemisphere: Categorizes information based on past & predicts future, linear, spacial awareness, I, language Serial processing: Left, information processed linearly, cannot do everything at once Parallel processing: Right, multiple parallel tracks processing, neural activity proceeds consciousness, brainwaves faster than perception Selective attention/blindness: 11,000,000 bits of info per second but we only process 40, "cocktail party effect", blindness to visual stimuli The five sleep stages NREM-1: short stage, hallucinations, sensory experiences NREM-2: 20 min, deeper sleep, burst of brain activity Transition (grouped with stage 4): transition to deeper sleep NREM-3: deep sleep, delta waves, night terrors, sleep walking/talking REM sleep: after 1 hr of sleep, rise in heart rate, rapid eye movement, story-like dreams, difficult to awaken, about 10 minutes per episode The typical sleep cycle; circadian rhythms: 90 minute cycles, 3-4 diminish and REM increases. CR=body clock The importance of REM sleep: Repair, process day, etc... Sleep disorders Sleep Debt: not enough sleep Insomnia: cant fall asleep/stay asleep Night Terrors: stage 4, screaming, no memory upon waking. usually affects children Theories regarding the role of dreams: Preserve neural pathway-stimulation to brain Cognitive development & function- lack of REM inhibits performance Activation Synthesis- brain making sense of random images generated during sleep Process & store memories - brain scans show memory activated during REM sleep Freud: dream interpertation, wish fulfillment, manifest content v. latent content Theories regarding hypnosis: Social phenomenon - "role playing" being a "hypnotized subject A divorced consciousness - pain therapy Age regression - highly suspect Theories of addiction Psychological: Drugs as cure for stress & other discomfort, self medicating for depression/sleep disorder/etc., hobby Biological: Genetics -identical twins, biological parent in adoptive situation, addiction genes, epigenetic (sp?) Social: Peer pressure, rewards system Role of Antagonist: Binds at receptor and blocks neurotransmitter Role of Agonist: Binds at receptor and replaces neurotransmitter